Opinion
21-80803-CIV-MATTHEWMAN
09-21-2021
ROBERT RICHARDSON, JUAN GUZMAN, and ADAM EURICH, Plaintiffs, v. FLORIDA DRAWBRIDGES, INC., et al., Defendants.
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS' PARTIAL MOTION TO DISMISS AMENDED COMPLAINT [DE 44]
WILLIAM MATTHEWMAN, United States Magistrate Judge.
THIS CAUSE is before the Court upon Defendants, Florida Drawbridges, Inc, d/b/a FDI Services (“FDI”), Eric Obel, and Laura Porter's (collectively, “Defendants”) Partial Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint [DE 44]. The Motion is fully briefed and ripe for review. The Court has carefully considered the Motion and is otherwise fully advised in the premises.
I. Background
On May 3, 2021, Plaintiff, Robert Richardson filed his Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) Complaint. [Compl., DE 1]. On May 24, 2021, Plaintiffs, Robert Richardson, Juan Guzman, and Adam Eurich (“Plaintiffs”) filed their Fair Labor Standards Act Amended Complaint before any responsive pleading was filed. [Am. Compl., DE 11]. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Amended Complaint [DE 24], and the Court granted the motion in part and denied the motion in part. [DE 38]. The Court explicitly stated, “[t]hus, while the case at hand is only at the motion to dismiss stage, the Court does find that the Amended Complaint is violative of Rule 12(b)(6) as currently drafted and requires additional allegations to support Plaintiffs' on-call theory of their entitlement to overtime pay. The Court does not expect Plaintiffs to include every possible relevant fact, however, and is cognizant that this case is not at the summary judgment stage yet. Moreover, the Court finds that dismissal with prejudice would be wholly inappropriate here as amendment would not necessarily be futile.” Id. at 7.
Thereafter, on August 5, 2021, Plaintiffs filed a Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) [DE 41]. According to the allegations of the SAC, Plaintiff Richardson has worked for FDI from October 29, 2019, through the present, Plaintiff Guzman has worked from FDI from May 2020 through the present, and Plaintiff Eurich worked for FDI from November or December of 2020 through May of 2021. [Compl. ¶ 10-13]. Plaintiffs are bringing a collective action against FDI for unpaid overtime wages for similarly situated employees who worked for Defendants at any time during the three-year period before the filing of the Amended Complaint through the present. Id. at ¶14. The SAC alleges that
While working for FDI, the FLSA Collective Members were employees, as §209 U.S.C. 203(e) defines the term. The Collective Members, and named Plaintiffs, were W-2 employees working under the direct supervision of the Company, without the ability to set their own schedules, and were economically dependent on FDI. The Collective Members, due to their on-call schedule, while on call, did not have the ability to seek secondary employment, order a pizza, and know that they will be home to receive it, eat at a restaurant and know they will still be there when the food comes out, pick up frozen/refrigerated food at the store and know it could be taken home before spoiling. The collective Members, while on call, could not count on going to the laundromat and know that they would be there when the dry cycle was done, or go to a family event outside of a very limited geographic area, while on call, go on a boat, or to a movie and know they will see the whole movie.Id. ¶16.
Plaintiffs assert in the SAC that, during the relevant time period,
Defendants failed to pay Plaintiffs, and the other FLSA Collective Members, for all overtime hours worked in violation of the FLSA. Specifically, the Collective Members, including the Named Plaintiffs, were unable to use their time off for their own purposes, as they were on call, regularly, and during these on-call times, they were not paid overtime for the time that they were on-call. Nor could they use this
time for their own benefit, as they were restricted geographically, to an area in which they could quickly respond, to the bridges they were responsible for, at unknowable times, that they may have ended up malfunctioning. When on call Named Plaintiffs, and those similarly situated, never knew when they would have to be at a bridge within thirty minutes, keeping them tightly tied, geographically, to at least three bridges within Palm Beach Count[y].SAC ¶ 20. The SAC also alleges that Defendants required Plaintiffs, and other FLSA Collective Members, “to be on call and engaged (meaning they could not use the time for themselves that they were on call), twenty-four hours per-day, for different numbers of days depending on the Plaintiff”, but that Defendants failed to pay overtime for this on-call time. Id. at ¶ 23. The SAC additionally specifically states that
25. The on-call time meant that the Plaintiff, and the FLSA Collective Members, all worked more than 40 hours per week, without overtime compensation. Plaintiff, and other FLSA Collective Members, were on duty actively working on bridges for 40 hours per week, but they were on call 24 hours per-day, five days per week, and, depending on the Plaintiff, every other, every third, or every weekend, without the ability to use the on-call time as they chose. Hence each class member, and Plaintiff, on duty for a week of work, and on call time during the weekend, was entitled to one-hundred-twenty-eight hours of unpaid overtime per-week. In a week in which Plaintiffs, or a class member was not on call during the weekend, he/she is entitled to seventy-two hours of overtime, per-week.
26. The on-call time was compensable because it involved hefty restrictions on the Plaintiffs' time, and that of those similarly situated, including severe geographic restrictions on where they could travel. While some were only on call for three bridges, others were on call for more than three bridges, more than thirty minutes from their homes, yet had to report to said bridges within thirty minutes of being called. Plaintiffs, and those similarly situated, could not venture outside of a half hour's distance from multiple locations, the fixed time limit for responses was too restrictive because it required Plaintiffs, and those similarly situated, to always be ready to instantaneously respond while on-call. Plaintiffs had an unduly restrictive amount of time to report to bridges, while on-call. Plaintiffs had only thirty minutes to respond, which severely limited what they could do on call, because they would have to report to a bridge for repairs, basically, the moment they were called, leaving no time to resolve a bill at a restaurant, or politely excuse themselves when guests are over, retain supplemental employment or seek professional advancement through educational opportunities.
27. The on-call time meant that the Plaintiffs, and FLSA Collective Members, worked more than 40 hours per week, in many weeks, without overtime compensation. Plaintiffs, and others similarly situated, were on call based on differing schedules, however, they were unable to use that overtime as they chose. For example, one cannot go to a movie over the weekend, if one is expected to have a thirty-minute response time to multiple bridges. Dating, is, clearly out of the question while on call, and so is participation in recreational team sports.
. . .
41. From November 1, 2019, to present Plaintiff, RICHARDSON, worked for the three Defendants continuously in excess of forty-hours per-week, specifically by working 128 hours per-week of unpaid on-call overtime. Plaintiff, RICHARDSON was not supposed to be on call every weekend, however, Plaintiff Richardson ended up on call most weekends, because he was a very capable worker.
42. Plaintiff, EURICH, worked every third weekend on-call, for all bridges in Palm Beach County. Plaintiff EUIRCH was on call twenty-four hours a day during the week, for the bridges assigned to him.
43. Plaintiff, GUZMAN, was on all one weekend per-month, but was also on call twenty-four hours per-day, during the week, for the bridges assigned to him.Id. ¶¶ 25-27, 41-43.
Defendants move pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) to dismiss the SAC because, “even if their allegations were 100% accurate, [Plaintiffs'] on-call time would not be compensable work time as a matter of law.” [DE 44 at 2]. According to Defendants, “[c]ourts have already found as a matter of law that more severe restrictions than those alleged by Plaintiffs do not turn on-call time into compensable work time. Accordingly, Plaintiffs have not pled a claim for relief.” Id. at 2-3. More specifically, Defendants contend that the time, location, and geographical restrictions, the response time, and the potential interruptions alleged in the SAC are insufficient as a matter of law. Id. at 3-5. Defendants further assert that the Court should dismiss the SAC with prejudice now, rather than waiting until the summary judgment stage, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 8 and the relevant case law. Id. at 6-8.
In response, Plaintiffs argue that the SAC complies with the Court's prior Order providing Plaintiffs with leave to amend their complaint. [DE 45 at 1-4]. Next, Plaintiffs argue that “dismissal with prejudice would be highly inappropriate, because, at a minimum, Plaintiff[s] could add more facts, meaning amendment would not be futile.” Id. at 4. They assert that Defendants are incorrectly requesting that the Court apply the summary judgment standard at the motion to dismiss stage. Id. at 4-5. Plaintiffs distinguish some of the cases cited by Defendants on the basis that each member of the putative class in this case was “tied to at least three bridges.” Id. at 8-10. According to Plaintiffs, they need to engage in discovery to determine the facts critical to the “engaged to be waiting” versus “waiting to be engaged” legal analysis. Id. at 11. Finally, Plaintiffs maintain that Defendants have not cited to any cases from the Eleventh Circuit that are at the motion to dismiss phase. Id. at 12-13.
In reply, Defendants assert that the SAC must be dismissed because, even if the Court assumes that all of the allegations in the SAC are true, Plaintiffs are still not entitled to be paid for alleged on-call time. [DE 46 at 1]. According to Defendants, “Plaintiffs' argument that the Court should defer a decision to the summary judgment stage is incompatible with Rule 8, Supreme Court precedent, and Plaintiffs' own description of the Court's role at this juncture. Further, Plaintiffs provide no authority finding that the questions raised by Defendants' motion must be deferred to summary judgment, and the standards of Rule 12 and Rule 56 belie any such argument.” Id. at 2-3.
II. Legal Standard
Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). The Supreme Court has held that “[w]hile a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff's obligation to provide the ‘grounds' of his ‘entitlement to relief' requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal citations omitted).
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (quotations and citations omitted). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. Thus, “only a complaint that states a plausible claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss.” Id. at 1950. When considering a motion to dismiss, the Court must accept all of the plaintiff's allegations as true in determining whether a plaintiff has stated a claim for which relief could be granted.
III. Discussion
In relevant part, the FLSA provides that a covered employer shall not
employ any of his employees who in any workweek is engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce ... for a workweek longer than forty hours unless such employee receives compensation for his employment in excess of the hours above specified at a rate not less than one and one-half times the regular rate at which he is employed.29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). Accordingly, to state a claim for relief under the FLSA, Plaintiff must simply show “(1) he [was] employed by the defendant, (2) the defendant engaged in interstate commerce, and (3) the defendant failed to pay h[er] minimum or overtime wages.” Freeman v. Key Largo Volunteer Fire & Rescue Dep't, Inc., 494 Fed.Appx. 940, 942 (11th Cir. 2012) (citing Morgan v. Family Dollar Stores, Inc., 551 F.3d 1233, 1277 n.8 (11th Cir. 2008)). Defendants do not challenge the sufficiency of the SAC as to the first two elements. Rather, they argue that the SAC does not provide enough factual detail to support the contention that they failed to pay Plaintiffs overtime wages.
The relevant law from the Eleventh Circuit and the Supreme Court states that “on-call time” is “work time” if “the time is spent predominately for the employer's benefit.” Birdwell v. City of Gadsden, Ala., 970 F.2d 802, 807 (11th Cir. 1992) (quoting Armour & Co. v. Wantock, 323 U.S. 126, 133 (1944)). Time during which an employee is “engaged to wait”, that is, “time spent primarily for the benefit of the employer and his business, ” is compensable. See Wantock, 323 U.S. at 132 (1944). Time in which an employee is “waiting to be engaged, ” in other words, time that the employee can use “effectively for his or her own purposes, ” is not. Lurvey v. Metropolitan Dade Cnty., 870 F.Supp. 1570, 1578 (S.D.Fla.1994) (quoting Halferty v. Pulse Drug Co., 864 F.2d 1185, 1189 (5th Cir.1989)). “The question of whether the employees are working during this time for purposes of the FLSA depends on the degree to which the employee may use the time for personal activities.” Birdwell, 970 F.2d at 807.
“The difference between time ‘engaged to wait' and ‘waiting to be engaged' is highly fact-specific, and is ‘dependent upon all the circumstances of the case.'” Gregory v. Quality Removal, Inc., No. 14-21480-CIV, 2014 WL 5494448, at *9 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 30, 2014) (quoting Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 136, 65 S.Ct. 161, 89 L.Ed. 124 (1944)). The Eleventh Circuit has held that a district court analyzing this crucial distinction should consider “the agreements between the particular parties, appraisal of their practical construction of the working agreement by conduct, consideration of the nature of the service, and its relation to the waiting time, and all of the surrounding circumstances.” Birdwell, 970 F.2d at 808 (quoting Skidmore, 323 U.S. at 137). Other factors to be considered include “(1) whether there was an on-premises living requirement; (2) whether there were excessive geographical restrictions on employees' movements; (3) whether the frequency of calls was unduly restrictive; (4) whether a fixed time limit for response was unduly restrictive; (5) whether the on-call employee could easily trade on-call responsibilities; (6) whether use of a pager could ease restrictions; and (7) whether the employee had actually engaged in personal activities during call-in time.” Lurvey, 870 F.Supp. at 1576 (citing Owens v. Local No. 169, 971 F.2d 347, 350 (9th Cir.1992)). “It is for the court to determine if a set of facts gives rise to liability; it is for the jury to determine if those facts exist.” Id. (quoting Birdwell, 970 F.2d at 807-08).
The Court notes that the Eleventh Circuit cases relied on by Defendants in their Motion were decided after the motion to dismiss phase. Those cases all involve appeals of jury verdicts, judgments, and/or orders on motions for summary judgment. The three cases Defendants cited that actually involve dismissal with prejudice at the motion to dismiss stage-McCray v. Ace Parking Mgmt., Inc., 453 Fed.Appx. 740, 741 (9th Cir. 2011), Donato v. Serv. Experts, LLC, No. 17-CV-436, 2018 WWL 4660374, at *5 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2018), Perez v. Banana Republic, LLC, No. 14-CV-01132, 2014 WL 2918421, at *6-7 (N.D. Cal. June 26, 2014)-are from outside of this Circuit and thus are not binding on the Court. The Court does not find those three opinions to be particularly persuasive.
The Court has reviewed the case law provided by Defendants and is fully apprised of their position. However, at this juncture, and upon very careful review of the allegations in the SAC, the Court finds that the SAC contains sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face. Furthermore, the on-call time analysis, i.e., the “engaged to wait” versus “waiting to be engaged” analysis, is highly fact-specific and is very clearly more appropriate to decide at the summary judgment stage after the completion of the discovery process.
IV. Conclusion
Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Defendants' Partial Motion to Dismiss [DE 44] is DENIED.
DONE AND ORDERED.