Dickens v. Snodgrass, Dunlap & Co., 872 P.2d 252, 257 (Kan. 1994) (citing Turner v. Halliburton Co., 722 P.2d 1106, 1115 (Kan. 1986)). “The Kansas Pattern Instructions define malice as ‘a state of mind characterized by an intent to do a harmful act without a reasonable justification or excuse.'” Radiologix, Inc. v. Radiology & Nuclear Med., LLC, No. 15-4927-DCC-KGS, 2017 WL 5007143, at *46 (D. Kan. Nov. 2, 2017) (quoting PIK Civ. 4th 103.05). “The Kansas Supreme Court has described malice as ‘actual evil-mindedness or specific intent to injure.'”

In other words, "[a]lthough Kansas prohibits general corporations from practicing medicine, the Kansas statutes allow licensed physicians to incorporate a professional corporation to practice [medicine] by filing articles of incorporation with the secretary of state." Radiologix v. Radiology & Nuclear Med., LLC, No. 15-4927-DDC-KGS, 2017 WL 5007143, at *26 (D. Kan. Nov. 2, 2017) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted); see also Early Detection Ctr., Inc. v. Wilson, 811 P.2d 860, 864 (Kan. 1991) ("Under K.S.A. 17-2709, it is permissible for a person to incorporate as a professional corporation . . . and function as a general corporation under the General Corporation code." (internal citation omitted)).

When an affidavit fails to comply with Rule 56, it is subject to a motion to strike. Radiologix, Inc. v. Radiology & Nuclear Med., LLC, No. 15-4927-DDC-KGS, 2017 WL 5007143, at *2 (D. Kan. Nov. 2, 2017) (citing Noblett v. Gen. Elec. Credit Corp., 400 F.2d 442, 445 (10th Cir. 1968) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)). Recently, however, our court has simply disregarded the portions of the affidavit that are not based on personal knowledge or admissible evidence.