Opinion
21-CV-9764 (LTS)
11-29-2021
IMARI TAARON PURVEY, Plaintiff, v. ALLIED UNIVERSAL; WYKOFF HOSPITAL, Defendants.
ORDER TO AMEND
LAURA TAYLOR SWAIN Chief United States District Judge:
Plaintiff brings this pro se action under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e to 2000e-17; the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12112-12117; the New York State Human Rights Law, N.Y. Exec. Law §§ 290 to 297; and the New York City Human Rights Law, N.Y.C. Admin. Code §§ 8-101 to 131. She alleges that her employer discriminated against her based on her sex and disability. Plaintiff sues her employer, Allied Universal, and “Wykoff Hospital” (sic) in Brooklyn, New York.
There is a Wyckoff Heights Medical Center in the Bushwick section of Brooklyn. See https://whmcny.org/.
By order dated November 29, 2021, the Court granted Plaintiff's request to proceed in forma pauperis. For the reasons set forth below, the Court grants Plaintiff leave to file an amended complaint within 60 days of the date of this order.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Court must dismiss an in forma pauperis complaint, or any portion of the complaint, that is frivolous or malicious, fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); see Livingston v. Adirondack Beverage Co., 141 F.3d 434, 437 (2d Cir. 1998). The Court must also dismiss a complaint when the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3).
While the law mandates dismissal on any of these grounds, the Court is obliged to construe pro se pleadings liberally, Harris v. Mills, 572 F.3d 66, 72 (2d Cir. 2009), and interpret them to raise the “strongest [claims] that they suggest, ” Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 470 F.3d 471, 474 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted, emphasis in original). But the “special solicitude” in pro se cases, id. at 475 (citation omitted), has its limits - to state a claim, pro se pleadings still must comply with Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which requires a complaint to make a short and plain statement showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.
The Supreme Court has held that, under Rule 8, a complaint must include enough facts to state a claim for relief “that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible if the plaintiff pleads enough factual detail to allow the Court to draw the inference that the defendant is liable for the alleged misconduct. In reviewing the complaint, the Court must accept all well-pleaded factual allegations as true. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009). But it does not have to accept as true “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, ” which are essentially just legal conclusions. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. After separating legal conclusions from well-pleaded factual allegations, the Court must determine whether those facts make it plausible - not merely possible - that the pleader is entitled to relief. Id.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Imari Purvey, who resides in Queens County, New York, worked for Allied Universal at its office in Manhattan. (ECF 2 at 4.) At some point, Plaintiff suffered a miscarriage. (Id.) After receiving “false negative information” about Plaintiff from Wykoff Hospital, Allied Universal terminated her employment on an unspecified date. (Id.) The false information was contained “[i]n a medical report that was suppose[d] to send [Plaintiff] back to work.” (Id. at 5.) Plaintiff contends that she was “terminated for a perceived disability.” (Id.)
Plaintiff states that she filed a charge of discrimination with an administrative agency on September 27, 2021. (Id. at 6.) She also states, however, that on September 27, 2021, she received a Notice of Right to Sue from the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which generally issues at the conclusion of the administrative proceedings. (Id.) Plaintiff seeks damages and to have Wyckoff Hospital “delete” certain medical records.
DISCUSSION
A. Allegations of Discrimination
“The ADA prohibits discrimination against a ‘qualified individual on the basis of disability' in the ‘terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.'” Kinneary v. City of New Yo r k , 601 F.3d 151, 155 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a)). A person is disabled under the ADA if the person has “a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, ” has “a record of such an impairment, ” or is “being regarded as having such an impairment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(A)-(C)
Title VII provides that “[i]t shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer … to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a).
These antidiscrimination provisions prohibit employers from mistreating an individual because of the individual's protected characteristics, Patane v. Clark, 508 F.3d 106, 112 (2d Cir. 2007), or retaliating against an employee who has opposed any practice made unlawful by those statutes, see Crawford v. Metro. Gov't, 555 U.S. 271, 276 (2009) (holding that conduct is protected when it “confront[s], ” “resist[s], ” or “withstand[s]” unlawful actions). Mistreatment at work that occurs for a reason other than an employee's protected characteristic or opposition to unlawful conduct is not actionable under these federal antidiscrimination statutes. See Chukwuka v. City of New York, 513 Fed.Appx. 34, 36 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Brown v. Henderson, 257 F.3d 246, 252 (2d Cir. 2001)).
At the pleading stage in an employment discrimination action, “a plaintiff must plausibly allege that (1) the employer took adverse employment action against [her], and (2) [her] race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor in the employment decision.” Vega v. Hempstead Union Free Sch. Dist., 801 F.3d 72, 86 (2d Cir. 2015). The plaintiff “may do so by alleging facts that directly show discrimination or facts that indirectly show discrimination by giving rise to a plausible inference of discrimination.” Id. at 87; Ciulla-Notto v. Xerox Corp., No. 16-CV-6362, 2017 WL 491688, at *2 (W.D.N.Y. Feb. 7, 2017) (“Although the Second Circuit in Ve g a set forth the pleading standard for a retaliation claim under Title VII, courts routinely use the same framework to analyze . . . claims under . . . the ADA”).
Here, it is unclear from the facts alleged in the complaint what occurred. Plaintiff alleges that her employer took adverse employment action against her based on “false” documents received from Wykoff Hospital, which is also named as a defendant in this action. It is unclear from these allegations how Plaintiff's sex or “perceived disability, ” was a motivating factor in the employment decision. Plaintiff simply has not provided enough information about what happened or what role discrimination allegedly played in her termination. It is also unclear if Plaintiff initiated her administrative charge on September 27, 2021, or if she received a notice from the EEOC on September 27, 2021, that her administrative proceedings had concluded.
Although it seems implausible that the notice of right to sue issued the same day that Plaintiff filed her administrative charge, and she should therefore clarify these allegations, the Court notes that administrative exhaustion is a claim-processing rule, rather than a jurisdictional requirement. See Fort Bend Cnty., Texas v. Davis, 139 S.Ct. 1843, 1846 (2019) (“Title VII's charge-filing instruction is not jurisdictional.”); Hardaway v. Hartford Pub. Works Dep't, 879 F.3d 486, 491 (2d Cir. 2018).
Finally, Plaintiff names Wykoff Hospital as a defendant, but it is unclear from the allegations of the complaint what claims Plaintiff is asserting against Defendant Wykoff Hospital. Wykoff Hospital does not appear to be Plaintiff's employer, and claims for employment discrimination under Title VII or the ADA lie against an employer. If Plaintiff names Wykoff Hospital in her amended complaint, she must include facts about what Wykoff Hospital did or failed to do that violated her rights and what claims she brings against this defendant.
B. Leave to Amend
Plaintiff proceeds in this matter without the benefit of an attorney. District courts generally should grant a self-represented plaintiff an opportunity to amend a complaint to cure its defects, unless amendment would be futile. See Hill v. Curcione, 657 F.3d 116, 123-24 (2d Cir. 2011); Salahuddin v. Cuomo, 861 F.2d 40, 42 (2d Cir. 1988). Because Plaintiff may be able to allege additional facts to state a valid claim of discrimination based on disability or sex (or both), the Court grants Plaintiff 60 days' leave to amend her complaint to detail her claims.
Plaintiff is granted leave to amend her complaint to provide more facts about her claims. In the “Statement of Claim” section of the amended complaint form, Plaintiff must provide a short and plain statement of the relevant facts supporting each claim against each defendant. If Plaintiff has an address for any named defendant, Plaintiff must provide it. Plaintiff should include all of the information in the amended complaint that Plaintiff wants the Court to consider in deciding whether the amended complaint states a claim for relief. That information should include:
a) the names and titles of all relevant people;
b) a description of all relevant events, including what each defendant did or failed to do, the approximate date and time of each event, and the general location where each event occurred;
c) a description of the injuries Plaintiff suffered; and
d) the relief Plaintiff seeks, such as money damages, injunctive relief, or declaratory relief.
Essentially, Plaintiff's amended complaint should tell the Court: who violated her federally protected rights; how, when and where such violations occurred; and why Plaintiff is entitled to relief. Because Plaintiff's amended complaint will completely replace, not supplement, the original complaint, any facts or claims that Plaintiff wants to include from the original complaint must be repeated in the amended complaint.
Venue for a Title VII action lies in “any judicial district in the State in which the unlawful employment practice is alleged to have been committed.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(3). The ADA also incorporates by reference Title VII's venue provision for claims brought under the ADA. 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a); Martinez v. Bloomberg, LP, 740 F.3d 211, 228 (2d Cir. 2014). Thus, although Plaintiff's claims arise from her employment in Manhattan, venue of her Title VII and ADA claims would be proper in any federal district court within the State of New York.
CONCLUSION
Plaintiff is granted leave to file an amended complaint that complies with the standards set forth above. Plaintiff must submit the amended complaint to this Court's Pro Se Intake Unit within 60 days of the date of this order, caption the document as an “Amended Complaint, ” and label the document with docket number 21-CV-9764 (LT S). An Amended Complaint for Employment Discrimination form is attached to this order. No summons will issue at this time. If Plaintiff fails to comply within the time allowed, and she cannot show good cause to excuse such failure, the complaint will be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii).
The Court certifies under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3) that any appeal from this order would not be taken in good faith, and therefore in forma pauperis status is denied for the purpose of an appeal. Cf. Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438, 444-45 (1962) (holding that an appellant demonstrates good faith when he seeks review of a nonfrivolous issue). The Clerk of Court is directed to mail a copy of this order to Plaintiff and note service on the docket.
SO ORDERED.
AMENDED EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION COMPLAINT
NOTICE
The public can access electronic court files. For privacy and security reasons, papers filed with the court should therefore not contain: an individual's full social security number or full birth date; the full name of a person known to be a minor; or a complete financial account number. A filing may include only: the last four digits of a social security number; the year of an individual's birth; a minor's initials; and the last four digits of a financial account number. See Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.2.
I. PARTIES
A. Plaintiff Information
Provide the following information for each plaintiff named in the complaint. Attach additional pages if needed.
B. Defendant Information
To the best of your ability, provide addresses where each defendant may be served. If the correct information is not provided, it could delay or prevent service of the complaint on the defendant. Make sure that the defendants listed below are the same as those listed in the caption. (Proper defendants under employment discrimination statutes are usually employers, labor organizations, or employment agencies.) Attach additional pages if needed.
II. PLACE OF EMPLOYMENT
The address at which I was employed or sought employment by the defendant(s) is:
III. CAUSE OF ACTION
A. Federal Claims
This employment discrimination lawsuit is brought under (check only the options below that apply in your case):
□ Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e to 2000e-17, for employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
The defendant discriminated against me because of my (check only those that apply and explain):
□ race: ____________________________
□ color: ___________________________
□ religion: ___________________________
□ sex: _____________________________
□ national origin: _________________________
□ 42 U.S.C. § 1981, for intentional employment discrimination on the basis of race My race is: __________________
□ Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 29 U.S.C. §§ 621 to 634, for employment discrimination on the basis of age (40 or older)
I was born in the year: ____________________________
□ Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. §§ 701 to 796, for employment discrimination on the basis of a disability by an employer that constitutes a program or activity receiving federal financial assistance
My disability or perceived disability is:
□ Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101 to 12213, for employment discrimination on the basis of a disability
My disability or perceived disability is: _________________________
□ Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601 to 2654, for employment discrimination on the basis of leave for qualified medical or family reasons
B. Other Claims
In addition to my federal claims listed above, I assert claims under:
□ New York State Human Rights Law, N.Y. Exec. Law §§ 290 to 297, for employment discrimination on the basis of age, race, creed, color, national origin, sexual orientation, military status, sex, disability, predisposing genetic characteristics, marital status
□ New York City Human Rights Law, N.Y. City Admin. Code §§ 8-101 to 131, for employment discrimination on the basis of actual or perceived age, race, creed, color, national origin, gender, disability, marital status, partnership status, sexual orientation, alienage, citizenship status
□ Other (may include other relevant federal, state, city, or county law):
IV. STATEMENT OF CLAIM
A. Adverse Employment Action
The defendant or defendants in this case took the following adverse employment actions against me (check only those that apply):
□ did not hire me
□ terminated my employment
□ did not promote me
□ did not accommodate my disability
□ provided me with terms and conditions of employment different from those of similar employees
□ retaliated against me
□ harassed me or created a hostile work environment
□ other (specify): _____________________________________
B. Facts State here the facts that support your claim. Attach additional pages if needed. You should explain what actions defendants took (or failed to take) because of your protected characteristic, such as your race, disability, age, or religion. Include times and locations, if possible. State whether defendants are continuing to commit these acts against you. As additional support for your claim, you may attach any charge of discrimination that you filed with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the New York State Division of Human Rights, the New York City Commission on Human Rights, or any other government agency.
V. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES For most claims under the federal employment discrimination statutes, before filing a lawsuit, you must first file a charge with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and receive a Notice of Right to Sue. Did you file a charge of discrimination against the defendant(s) with the EEOC or any other government agency?
□ Yes (Please attach a copy of the charge to this complaint.)
When did you file your charge? _________________________
□ No
Have you received a Notice of Right to Sue from the EEOC?
□ Yes (Please attach a copy of the Notice of Right to Sue.)
What is the date on the Notice? __________________
When did you receive the Notice? ______________________
□ No
VI. RELIEF
The relief I want the court to order is (check only those that apply):
□ direct the defendant to hire me
□ direct the defendant to re-employ me
□ direct the defendant to promote me
□ direct the defendant to reasonably accommodate my religion
□ direct the defendant to reasonably accommodate my disability
□ direct the defendant to (specify) (if you believe you are entitled to money damages, explain that here)
VII. PLAINTIFFS CERTIFICATION
By signing below, I certify to the best of my knowledge, information, and belief that: (1) the complaint is not being presented for an improper purpose (such as to harass, cause unnecessary delay, or needlessly increase the cost of litigation); (2) the claims are supported by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument to change existing law; (3) the factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, will likely have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery; and (4) the complaint otherwise complies with the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11.
I agree to notify the Clerk's Office in writing of any changes to my mailing address. I understand that my failure to keep a current address on file with the Clerk's Office may result in the dismissal of my case.
Each Plaintiff must sign and date the complaint. Attach additional pages if necessary. If seeking to proceed without prepayment of fees, each plaintiff must also submit an IFP application.
I have read the attached Pro Se (Nonprisoner) Consent to Receive Documents Electronically:
□Yes □ No
If you do consent to receive documents electronically, submit the completed form with your complaint. If you do not consent, please do not attach the form.
Pro Se (Nonprisoner) Consent to Receive Documents Electronically
Parties who are not represented by an attorney and are not currently incarcerated may choose to receive documents in their cases electronically (by e-mail) instead of by regular mail. Receiving documents by regular mail is still an option, but if you would rather receive them only electronically, you must do the following:
1. Sign up for a PACER login and password by contacting PACER1 at www.pacer.uscourts.gov or 1-800-676-6856;
2. Complete and sign this form.
If you consent to receive documents electronically, you will receive a Notice of Electronic Filing by e-mail each time a document is filed in your case. After receiving the notice, you are permitted one “free look” at the document by clicking on the hyperlinked document number in the e-mail.2 Once you click the hyperlink and access the document, you may not be able to access the document for free again. After 15 days, the hyperlink will no longer provide free access. Any time that the hyperlink is accessed after the first “free look” or the 15 days, you will be asked for a PACER login and may be charged to view the document. For this reason, you should print or save the document during the “free look” to avoid future charges.
IMPORTANT NOTICE
Under Rule 5 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Local Civil Rule 5.2, and the Court's Electronic Case Filing Rules & Instructions, documents may be served by electronic means. If you register for electronic service:
1. You will no longer receive documents in the mail;
2. If you do not view and download your documents during your “free look” and within 15 days of when the court sends the e-mail notice, you will be charged for looking at the documents;
3. This service does not allow you to electronically file your documents;
4. It will be your duty to regularly review the docket sheet of the case.3
1 Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) (www.pacer.uscourts.gov) is an electronic public access service that allows users to obtain case and docket information from federal appellate, district, and bankruptcy courts, and the PACER Case Locator over the internet.
2 You must review the Court's actual order, decree, or judgment and not rely on the description in the email notice alone. See ECF Rule 4.3
3 The docket sheet is the official record of all filings in a case. You can view the docket sheet, including images of electronically filed documents, using PACER or you can use one of the public access computers available in the Clerk's Office at the Court.
CONSENT TO ELECTRONIC SERVICE
I hereby consent to receive electronic service of notices and documents in my case(s) listed below. I affirm that:
1. I have regular access to my e-mail account and to the internet and will check regularly for Notices of Electronic Filing;
2. I have established a PACER account;
3. I understand that electronic service is service under Rule 5 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Rule 5.2 of the Local Civil Rules, and that I will no longer receive paper copies of case filings, including motions, decisions, orders, and other documents;
4. I will promptly notify the Court if there is any change in my personal data, such as name, address, or e-mail address, or if I wish to cancel this consent to electronic service;
5. I understand that I must regularly review the docket sheet of my case so that I do not miss a filing; and
6. I understand that this consent applies only to the cases listed below and that if I file additional cases in which I would like to receive electronic service of notices of documents, I must file consent forms for those cases.
Civil case(s) filed in the Southern District of New York:
Note: This consent will apply to all cases that you have filed in this court, so please list all of your pending and terminated cases. For each case, include the case name and docket number (for example, John Doe v. New City, 10-CV-01234).