BENJAMIN H. SETTLE United States District Judge

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND MOTION TO SEAL, DENYING WITHOUT PREJUDICE DEFENDANT'S MOTION IN LIMINE, AND DENYING DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR LEAVE TO SUPPLEMENT THE RECORD

This matter comes before the Court on Defendant Port of Tacoma's ("Port") motion for partial summary judgment, Dkt. 176, motion to seal, Dkt. 281, motion in limine, Dkt. 283, and motion for leave to supplement the record, Dkt. 299. The Court has considered the pleadings filed in support of and in opposition to the motions and the remainder of the file and hereby rules as follows:

I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On June 13, 2018, Plaintiff Puget Soundkeeper Alliance ("Soundkeeper") filed a third amended complaint bringing a citizen suit under Section 505 of the Clean Water Act ("CWA") as amended, 33 U.S.C. § 1365, against Defendants APM Terminals Tacoma, LLC ("APMT"), the Port, SSA Marine, Inc., and SSA Terminals, LLC. Dkt. 109.

On November 15, 2018, the Port filed a motion for summary judgment requesting that the Court dismiss Soundkeeper's "claims arising from stormwater discharges to the Wharf." Dkt. 176 at 18.

On November 30, 2018, the Washington Public Ports Association ("WPPA") and the Washington Maritime Federation ("WMF") (collectively "Amici") filed a motion for leave to file an amici curiae brief. Dkt. 182.

On December 3, 2018, Soundkeeper and Defendants SSA Marine, Inc. and SSA Terminals, LLC (collectively "SSA") responded to the Port's motion for summary judgment. Dkt. 185. On December 7, 2018, the Port replied. Dkt. 189.

On May 23, 2019, the Court granted WPPA and WMF's motion, renoted the pending dispositive motions, and requested the parties' positions on whether the Court should invite an amicus curiae brief from the Washington Department of Ecology ("Ecology"). Dkt. 252.

On June 10, 2019, the Court invited Ecology to submit an amicus brief. Dkt. 259. On August 16, 2019, Ecology filed a brief. Dkt. 269. On August 30, 2019, Soundkeeper, the Port, and SSA responded. Dkts. 275, 276, 279.

Also on August 30, 2019, the Port filed a motion to seal, Dkt. 281, and a motion in limine, Dkt. 283.

On September 6, 2019, Ecology, Soundkeeper, the Port, and SSA replied to the responses to Ecology's amicus brief. Dkts. 290, 291, 292, 293.

On September 16, 2019, Soundkeeper responded to the Port's motion in limine. Dkt. 296.

On January 28, 2020, the Port notified the Court of "administrative appeals filed with the State of Washington Pollution Control Hearings Board ("Board") concerning the new Industrial Stormwater General Permit effective January 1, 2020 ("2020 ISGP")." Dkt. 298 at 1.

On August 6, 2020, the Port filed a motion to supplement the record. Dkt. 299. On August 17, 2020, Soundkeeper responded. Dkt. 301. On August 21, 2020, the Port replied. Dkt. 303.

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

At issue in this case are industrial stormwater discharges at a large marine cargo terminal ("Terminal") used for ship unloading and cargo distribution. The Court will address the stormwater permitting process in general and then the facts of this case.

A. The Federal Statutes

The CWA is intended to "restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters." 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a). To that end, the CWA makes it unlawful to discharge any pollutant from a point source to navigable waters without a permit. Id. §§ 1311(a), 1362(12). The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ("NPDES") program is "[a] central provision of the Act" requiring that "individuals, corporations, and governments secure [NPDES] permits before discharging pollution . . . ." Decker v. Nw. Envtl. Def. Ctr., 568 U.S. 597, 602 (2013).

To achieve these goals, the CWA "anticipates a partnership between the States and the Federal Government." Arkansas v. Oklahoma, 503 U.S. 91, 101 (1992); Aminoil U. S. A., Inc. v. Cal. State Water Res. Control Bd., 674 F.2d 1227, 1229-30 (9th Cir. 1982) (the CWA created a "scheme of cooperative federalism" and "a 'delicate partnership' between state and federal agencies" (citation omitted)). Under this model of cooperative federalism, the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") sets requirements for CWA programs, and then delegates management of those programs to the states. Aminoil, 674 F.2d at 1229-30. Delegated states may then issue NPDES permits. 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b). Subject to federal approval, states can impose "requirements [that] are more stringent" than required by EPA. 40 C.F.R. § 123.However, if a "State program has greater scope . . . than required by Federal law the additional coverage is not part of the Federally approved program." Id. § 123.1(i)(2). "For example, if a State requires permits for discharges into publicly owned treatment works, these permits are not NPDES permits." Id.

As originally enacted, the CWA regulated virtually all discharges, including all stormwater discharges. Decker, 568 U.S. at 602. For stormwater, however, EPA quickly found it impracticable to regulate the "countless owners and operators of point sources throughout the country." Id. As one court observed, EPA was facing "potentially millions of NPDES permits," because "[p]ractically speaking, rain water will run downhill, and not even a law passed by the Congress of the United States can stop that." Hughey v. JMS Dev. Corp., 78 F.3d 1523, 1530 (11th Cir. 1996). Congress, in response to this problem (and EPA's refusal to address millions of stormwater discharges), amended the CWA in 1987 to "exempt from the NPDES permitting scheme most 'discharges composed entirely of stormwater.'" Decker, 568 U.S. at 603 (quoting 33 U.S.C. § 1342(p)(1)). Instead, Congress decided that only certain stormwater discharges require a permit, including (as relevant here), discharges "associated with industrial activity." 33 U.S.C. § 1342(p)(2)(B).

Congress did not define "associated with industrial activity" and entrusted EPA to do so. Decker, 568 U.S. at 604; 33 U.S.C. § 1342(p)(4) (instructing EPA to issue regulations governing industrial stormwater discharges). EPA issued regulations that identified industrial activities by standard industrial classifications. Relevant here, EPA included transportation facilities that have "vehicle maintenance shops, equipment cleaning operations, or airport deicing operations." 40 C.F.R. § 122.26(b)(14)(viii). EPA's regulations explain that "[o]nly those portions of the facility that are either involved in vehicle maintenance (including vehicle rehabilitation, mechanical repairs, painting, fueling, and lubrication), equipment cleaning operations, [or] airport deicing operations . . . are associated with industrial activity." Id.

Congress also included a second phase of stormwater regulation and gave EPA the discretion to increase the scope of stormwater discharges that are regulated under the CWA. 33 U.S.C. § 1342(p)(5)-(6). EPA was first required to study potential stormwater sources in consultation with the states. Id. § 1342(p)(5). Congress then authorized EPA (in consultation with the states) to use the results of that study to issue regulations governing any additional stormwater sources that should be regulated under the CWA. Id. EPA completed that process in 1999, issuing the "Phase II" rule, "mandating that discharges from small municipal separate storm sewer systems and from construction sites between one and five acres in size be subject to the permitting requirements of the [NPDES]" and "preserv[ing] authority to regulate other harmful stormwater discharges in the future." Envtl. Def. Ctr., Inc. v. U.S. EPA, 344 F.3d 832, 840 (9th Cir. 2003).

EPA's Phase II regulations explain that EPA may add, on a case-by-case basis, other stormwater discharges (or categories of discharges) in specific "geographic areas" based on a determination that the discharge "contributes to a violation of a water quality standard or is a significant contributor of pollutants to waters of the United States." 40 C.F.R. § 122.26(a)(9)(i)(D). In its description of the program, EPA explains that state regulation (with EPA approval) of this "reserved category" of discharges would be considered to be within the "scope" of the federally approved program. 64 Fed. Reg. 68,722, 68,781 (Dec. 8, 1999). Under this statutory scheme, Amici assert that, "[a]s of this date, EPA has not extended the CWA to include other stormwater discharges on docks and wharfs." Dkt. 182-4 at 11.

B. Delegation to Washington

In 1974, EPA authorized Ecology to administer the NPDES program in Washington. See 39 Fed. Reg. 26,061 (July 16, 1974); RCW 90.48.260. Under state law, Ecology also administers the State Water Pollution Control Act (RCW Chapter 90.48) which makes it illegal for "any person" to discharge pollutants into waters of the state without a permit. RCW 90.48.080, 90.48.160. For industrial stormwater, Ecology decided to enforce both state and federal requirements using a general permit that covers a broad range of activities. See WAC 173-226-010 (regulations establishing "state general permit program" and explaining that "[p]ermits issued under this chapter are designed to satisfy the requirements for discharge permits under [the CWA] . . . and the state law governing water pollution control (chapter 90.48 RCW).").

Ecology's Industrial Stormwater General Permit ("ISGP") reflects this dual state and federal function. As the ISGP states, it is both a "National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) and State Waste Discharge General Permit" that was issued "[i]n compliance with the provisions of The State of Washington Water Pollution Control Law, Chapter 90.48 Revised Code of Washington and The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (The Clean Water Act) Title 33 United States Code, Section 1251 et seq." Dkt. 51-1 at 2.

When Ecology issued the ISGP in 2009, it listed facilities that conducted industrial activities in a table. Dkt. 270-1 at 7. The last category of activities requiring permit coverage were "[t]ransportation facilities which have vehicle maintenance shops, material handling facilities, equipment cleaning operations, or airport deicing operations . . . ." Id. at 8. Relevant to the instant dispute, this description does not include the limiting language of 40 C.F.R. § 122.26(b)(14)(viii) that "[o]nly those portions of the facility that are either involved in vehicle maintenance (including vehicle rehabilitation, mechanical repairs, painting, fueling, and lubrication), equipment cleaning operations, [or] airport deicing operations . . . are associated with industrial activity." Id. Based on this exclusion of language, Ecology contends that "once coverage is triggered at a transportation facility, the ISGP applies to all areas of industrial activity at the facility, rather than only those areas where vehicle maintenance, equipment cleaning, or airport deicing occur." Dkt. 269 at 3. The permit defines "facility" and "industrial activity" as follows:

Facility means any NPDES "point source" (including land or appurtenances thereto) that is subject to regulation under the NPDES program. See 40 CFR 122.2.

Industrial Activity means (1) the 11 categories of industrial activities identified in 40 CFR 122.26(b)(14)(i-xi) that must apply for either coverage under this permit or no exposure certification, (2) any facility conducting any activities described in Table 1, and (3) identified by Ecology as a significant contributor of pollutants. Table 1 lists the 11 categories of industrial activities identified in 40 CFR 122.26(b)(14)(i-xi) in a different format.

Ecology issued a companion fact sheet to summarize changes in the proposed 2010 permit. Relevant to the instant matter, Ecology stated that "[s]tormwater may become contaminated by industrial activities as a result of . . . contact with materials during loading, unloading or transfer from one location to another . . . ." Dkt. 270-2 at 10. Under a section specific to water transportation facilities, Ecology identified potential sources of additional pollutants as "loading/unloading areas" and potential pollutants included "fuels and machinery lubricants, solvents, paints, heavy metals, and paint stripping wastes." Id. at 38.

Furthermore, Ecology issued an ISGP frequently asked questions ("FAQ") document. Dkt. 185-1. Ecology stated that the "document is intended as guidance only, and does not modify or otherwise change the permit requirements" and "[i]f there is any discrepancy between this guidance and the [ISGP], the permit requirements supersede this guidance." Id. at 2. Relevant to the instant dispute, the document provides a question and answer as follows:

My transportation facility has vehicle maintenance activity and therefore requires permit coverage. Does the permit apply to the entire footprint of the facility, or just to the area where we conduct vehicle maintenance activity?

The entire footprint of the industrial facility. Once a transportation facility has permit coverage, the permit conditions for sampling, inspection and stormwater management practices are required in all areas of industrial activity, rather than only those areas where vehicle maintenance, equipment cleaning and airport de-icing occur.

On October 21, 2009, Ecology issued a response to public comments. In the summary section, Ecology stated that "[t]he most significant changes are summarized below. The legal and technical basis for changes related to each public comment is included, as appropriate." Dkt. 280-13 at 7. Regarding Ecology's decision to exclude language from the table of facilities that conduct industrial activities, Ecology provided as follows:

Several commentors requested clarification on the permit requirements for facilities in the transportation sector (SIC codes 40XX, 41XX, 42XX, 43XX, 44XX, 45XX, and 5171). Ecology reviewed the applicable federal regulations, EPA Multi-Sector General Permit, discussed the issue with EPA (Region 10 and Headquarters). Changes have been made to Table 1 to improve clarity. One of these changes is to include "material handling facilities" in the criteria for permit coverage at transportation facilities [40 CFR 122.26(b)(14)]. Once a transportation facility obtains permit coverage, the specific areas and stormwater discharges authorized by the permit become site specific. Ecology disagrees with one commentor's suggestion that maintenance activity conducted away from the maintenance shop is not covered under the permit. The intent of the ISWGP is to cover all vehicle maintenance activities at industrial facilities, not just those performed at the physical location of the

shop. Since this section of the permit is to specify which type of facilities require permit coverage, Ecology has decided to take the approach in EPA's MSGP and not include the "only those portions of the facility that are involved in vehicle maintenance . . ." statement requested by several commentors. Ecology also added definitions of "vehicle maintenance" and "material handling" based on EPA's Final Phase I Stormwater Rule.

In June of 2010, Ecology permit managers verbally told two port managers that the presence of a vehicle maintenance shop anywhere on port property would trigger ISGP coverage on all port property. Dkt. 182-2 at 5. On July 27, 2010, WPPA sent Ecology a letter stating its concerns regarding the "implementation and enforcement" of the new ISGPs. Id. The ports objected to this expansive reading because the "implications are extreme." Id. It argued that expansion would require "implementing best management practices, including stormwater treatment, on hundreds or thousands of acres of property (versus a few areas where maintenance typically occurs)" and "has major ramifications on a port's ability to comply." Id.

On March 10, 2011, Ecology responded. Id. at 9-10. Ecology stated that "[o]nce a facility has [ISGP] permit coverage, the Permit's sampling, inspection, and stormwater management practices are required in all areas of industrial activity - rather than only those areas where vehicle maintenance, equipment cleaning, and airport deicing occur." Id. at 9. Ecology instructed the ports that they needed to take the necessary steps to "implement the Permit requirements on all areas of industrial activity as soon as possible" and that Ecology would use its "enforcement discretion" with respect to the areas outside vehicle maintenance areas to allow the ports time to comply. Id. This enforcement discretion would last until June 1, 2011. Id. Relevant to the instant dispute, Ecology did not elaborate on the term "industrial activity" for areas other than vehicle maintenance, equipment cleaning, and airport deicing.

On November 6, 2014, Ecology's Water Quality Specialist Jeff Killelea ("Killelea") sent an email to another Ecology employee discussing the relevant amendment. Killelea's explanation was as follows:

• Prior to 2010, the ISGP mirrored the 40 CFR language regarding transportation facilities, which stated:

? Only those portions of the facility that are either involved in vehicle maintenance (including vehicle rehabilitation, mechanical repairs, painting, fueling and lubrication), equipment cleaning operations, airport deicing operations or which are otherwise identified under one of the other 11 categories of industrial activities listed in this appendix are associated with industrial activity.
? This had the practical effect of excluding most material handling, storage, loading/unloading areas from the ISGP's sampling and BMP requirements; even though stormwater from these areas is highly contaminated with zinc, copper, sediment, petroleum, etc.

To address this loophole, the "only hose portions . . ." language was struck from the draft 2010 ISGP. We received public comments from Ports and consultants requesting that the language be reinstated.
• WQ PMT and regional stormwater staff carefully considered the public comments, policy issues, etc., and decided to issue the final 2010 ISGP without the exclusion language (based on state authority). This effectively required permit coverage at the entire industrial facility (entire port/rail yard/tank farm, etc.), not just the maintenance areas.

• WQP management met with the Ports to discuss this issue in 2010, and provided a follow up letter that extended "enforcement discretion" until the end of the year - to allow Ports and their tenants to update Stormwater Plans, adjust sampling locations, etc.

On December 3, 2014, Ecology issued a document summarizing and responding to some public comments on the proposed 2015 ISGP. Dkt. 185-2. Relevant to the instant matter, the document provides as follows:

Summary of the Range of Comments:
• EPA's definition of industrial activities associated with "transportation facilities" limits NPDES coverage to specific portions of a transportation facility:

? (viii} Transportation facilities classified as Standard Industrial Classifications 40, 41, 42 except 4221-25}, 43, 44, 45, and 5171 which have vehicle maintenance shops, equipment cleaning operations, or airport deicing operations. Only those portions of the facility that are either involved in vehicle maintenance (including vehicle rehabilitation, mechanical repairs, painting, fueling, and lubrication}, equipment cleaning operations, airport deicing operations, or which are otherwise identified under paragraphs (b)(14) (i)-(vii) or (ix)-(xi) of this section are associated with industrial activity.

• The Draft 2015 ISGP and Draft 2015 Fact Sheet continue the omission of the limiting language in the Table 1 summary of the 11 categories of industrial activities identified in 40 CFR 122.26(b)(14)(i-xi).
• While this omission may seem innocuous given the ISGP's directive that Table 1 is merely 40 CFR 122.26(b)(14)(i-xi) in a different format, the years since the promulgation of the 2010 ISGP have shown that the omission has led to profound confusion and significant consequences that were never identified, analyzed, or subjected to notice and other required procedures in the context of the 2010 ISGP.

Response to the Range of Comments:
Ecology has considered the comment and has decided to retain the omission of the following statement from 40 CFR 122.26(b)(14)(viii): "Only those portions of the facility that are either involved in vehicle maintenance (including vehicle rehabilitation, mechanical repairs, painting,

fueling, and lubrication}, equipment cleaning operations, airport deicing operations, or which are otherwise identified under paragraphs (b)(14) (i)-(vii) or (ix)-(xi) of this section are associated with industrial activity." No change was made to the final ISGP in response to this comment.

C. The Facility

The Port owns the 137-acre Terminal at issue in this matter. While the majority of the Terminal is not at issue in this matter, the parties dispute a 12.6-acre section commonly referred to as the Wharf. Here, five enormous ship-to-shore cranes load and unload large shipping containers from docked vessels. See Dkt. 176 at 2-3.

In March 1983, the Port leased the Terminal to APMT. As part of its operation of the Terminal, APMT applied for and received an ISGP. Dkt. 51-1. On October 2, 2017, Ecology terminated APMT's coverage under the ISGP and granted the Port coverage under the permit. Dkt. 82-3. Ecology informed the Port that it had 30 days to appeal the general permit's applicability as to the Port. Id. at 82-3 at 3. Also, on that date, SSA began its lease with the Port for the Terminal.

On October 23, 2017, the Port signed Ecology Agreed Order #15434 (the "Agreed Order"). Dkt. 82-4. The Agreed Order required the Port, subject to Ecology review, to design, construct, and have operational a stormwater treatment system. Id. at § IV. The Port has prepared, and Ecology approved, an Engineering Report for a stormwater treatment system for the Terminal. Dkt. 82-6.

The Port's Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan ("SWPPP") includes a sampling plan and documentation regarding areas where the Port does not collect stormwater samples. Relevant to the instant matter, the October 2017 SWPPP provides as follows:

The type of activities that occur along the wharf are substantially identical to the activities that occur in the upland drainage areas associated with [basin] WS1 and [basin] WS2. In addition, collecting samples from the wharf discharge points that are representative of industrial activities in the area would require access underneath the deck or along the edge of the wharf, which is considered unsafe due to tides and/or ship activity and container offloading activity. As such, discharges from the deck drains, scuppers, and power trench and utility vault drains along the wharf are not sampled since they are substantially identical to the discharges from their respective upland drainage areas contributing to WS1 and WS2; and because the ISGP does not require sampling in unsafe conditions.
The industrial activities, site conditions, potential pollutant sources, expected pollutant concentrations, and implemented best management practices (BMPs) associated with the WS1 and WS2 drainage areas are substantially identical. As such, discharges from WS2 will not be sampled since they are substantially identical to WS1 discharges.

Discharges from the deck drains are considered to be substantially identical to those monitored from the upland areas of WS2 and are therefore exempt from monitoring in accordance with S4.B.2.c requirements. The deck drain discharge points are considered to discharge substantially identical effluent to the WS2 discharge location as activities along the wharf are similar or less intensive than those conducted in the upland. Activities in the upland portion of the basin include hostler truck traffic, container handling, and mobile vehicle and equipment maintenance. Activities in the wharf area of the basin west of the power trench include hostler truck traffic, container handling, and crane maintenance. Material storage and mobile fueling are generally not performed in the area. As discussed previously, the hostler trucks that access the wharf area are exclusively used at the terminal and do not travel outside Basin B, which should reduce [total suspended solids] and turbidity in stormwater discharges relative to the other Terminal basins subject to over the road traffic and potentially track-on from offsite.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Nondispositive Motions

The Port filed a motion to seal and a motion in limine. First, "[a]ny motion in limine must include a certification that the movant has in good faith conferred or attempted to confer with other affected parties in an effort to resolve which matters really are in dispute. A good faith effort to confer requires a face-to-face meeting or a telephone conference." Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 7(d)(4).

Regarding the motion in limine, Soundkeeper argues that the Court should deny the Port's motion in limine because it failed to file a certificate that it conferred in good faith to resolve the issue without Court intervention. Dkt. 296. The Court agrees and therefore denies the Port's motion. Soundkeeper also argues that the Court should preclude the Port from filing any additional motions in limine because all motions in limine must be filed in one brief. Id. at 7 (citing Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 7(d)(4)). The Court declines to order such relief, but it informs the Port that filing another motion without conferring may result in sanctions.

Regarding the motion to seal, the Port moves to seal certain exhibits because they may contain privileged information. Dkt. 281. No party responded to the Port's motion. The Court agrees with the Port to the extent that the documents should be provisionally sealed pending further rulings on whether the documents are privileged or relevant. Therefore, the Court grants the Port's motion and provisionally seals the requested documents.

B. Summary Judgment

The Port moves for partial summary judgment arguing that stormwater discharges from the Wharf "are not 'discharges associated with industrial activities' pursuant to EPA's regulations (40 C.F.R. § 122.26(b)(14)(viii)) and are therefore not subject to the federal NPDES program or citizen suit enforcement of the NPDES program." Dkt. 176 at 1.

1. Standard

Summary judgment is proper only if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law when the nonmoving party fails to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of a claim in the case on which the nonmoving party has the burden of proof. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). There is no genuine issue of fact for trial where the record, taken as a whole, could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986) (nonmoving party must present specific, significant probative evidence, not simply "some metaphysical doubt"). Conversely, a genuine dispute over a material fact exists if there is sufficient evidence supporting the claimed factual dispute, requiring a judge or jury to resolve the differing versions of the truth. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 253 (1986); T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Ass'n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987).

The determination of the existence of a material fact is often a close question. The Court must consider the substantive evidentiary burden that the nonmoving party must meet at trial—e.g., a preponderance of the evidence in most civil cases. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 254; T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc., 809 F.2d at 630. The Court must resolve any factual issues of controversy in favor of the nonmoving party only when the facts specifically attested by that party contradict facts specifically attested by the moving party. The nonmoving party may not merely state that it will discredit the moving party's evidence at trial, in the hopes that evidence can be developed at trial to support the claim. T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc., 809 F.2d at 630 (relying on Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255). Conclusory, nonspecific statements in affidavits are not sufficient, and missing facts will not be presumed. Lujan v. Nat'l Wildlife Fed'n, 497 U.S. 871, 888-89 (1990).

2. Permit's Scope

"NPDES permits are treated like any other contract." Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. Cty. of L.A., 725 F.3d 1194, 1204 (9th Cir. 2013). "If the language of the permit, considered in light of the structure of the permit as a whole, 'is plain and capable of legal construction, the language alone must determine the permit's meaning.' . . . . If the permit's language is ambiguous, we may turn to extrinsic evidence to interpret its terms." Id. (quoting Piney Run Pres. Ass'n v. Cty. Comm'rs of Carroll Cty., Md., 268 F.3d 255, 270 (4th Cir. 2001)).

In this case, the first question is the scope of the ISGP regarding industrial activities at the Port's wharf. The Port moved for summary judgment arguing that stormwater discharges from the wharf "are not 'discharges associated with industrial activities' pursuant to 40 C.F.R. § 122.26(b)(14)(viii) and are therefore not subject to the federal NPDES program or citizen suit enforcement of the NPDES program." Dkt. 176 at 18. The Port recognized that Ecology may issue regulations beyond the scope of the federal NPDES program, but there is no private right of action for violations of such additional regulations. Id. at 17. SSA also argues that wharf discharges are beyond the scope of the federal program and that "even if Ecology had included stormwater sampling in wharf areas as part of the scope of the ISGP—which it has not—PSA could not bring a citizen suit enforcing such a regulation." Dkt. 184 at 3.

Soundkeeper responds that it may enforce all conditions of an NPDES permit in an enforcement proceeding and that the Port and SSA's arguments are an untimely and improper collateral attack on the scope of the permit. Dkt. 185. Soundkeeper relies primarily on Ecology's FAQ document and December 2014 summary of comments to support its position that the ISGP applies to all areas of the Port, including the wharf. Id. at 8-9.

The Port replies that "it is irrelevant how Ecology might interpret the ISGP or exercise independent state authority" to expand the scope of the ISGP. Dkt. 189 at 8. The Port first relies on an EPA final rule that provides in relevant part that "[i]f a State, Tribe, or local government were to require a permit for discharges exempt from the Clean Water Act NPDES program requirements, those permit requirements would not be considered part of an NPDES program. See 40 CFR 123.1(i)(2)." 71 Fed. Reg. 33628-01, *33635. Regarding the FAQ document, the Port asserts that the document specifically states that it does not modify the ISGP and that Ecology's answer only states that permit requirements only apply to areas where "industrial activity" occurs without further defining that term. Dkt. 189 at 8.

Based on the parties' dispute regarding the interpretation of the ISGP, the Court invited Ecology to file an amicus brief. Dkt. 252. Ecology asserts that it "exercised its residual Clean Water Act authority under 33 U.S.C. § 1342(p)(2)(E) when it elected to extend the scope of ISGP coverage at transportation facilities that are required to obtain an NPDES permit under the Clean Water Act." Dkt. 269 at 2. Ecology's claimed extension is that the ISGP applies to "all areas of industrial activity" at the Port. Id. at 2-4.

The Port responds that Ecology's position is not supported by any evidence. Specifically, the Port argues "Ecology's amicus brief is unsupported by even one document or declarant identifying when Ecology supposedly made a policy decision to exercise such authority, when it notified the public of this 'decision' or any analysis prepared to support such designation." Dkt. 279 at 1. For example, the Port submits Ecology's economic impact analysis ("EIA") for the proposed 2010 ISGP, and Ecology's alleged expansion is not described in the "Changes to the Permit" section. Dkt. 280-5 at 9. Similarly, the Port submitted Killelea's 2014 email wherein he stated that the scope of the permit was expanded "based on state authority." Dkt. 280-20 at 3.

SSA contends that Ecology's position and Killelea's supporting declaration "are, at best, revisionist history." Dkt. 276 at 2. SSA relies on the ISGP's definition of industrial activities that cites and incorporates the language of 40 CFR 122.26(b)(14)(i-xi) to conclude that the clear language of the ISGP contradicts Ecology's position. Id. at 2-4.

Soundkeeper responds, without much analysis, and simply provides the conclusion that "the plain language of the [ISGP] is not ambiguous." Dkt. 275 at 4.

Ecology replied and clarified that it expanded the scope of the permit under its residual state authority. Dkt. 290. Ecology also argued that it properly delegated this authority to Ecology employees and that it need not consider certain factors in expanding the scope of the ISGP with regard to transportation facilities. Id. at 4-6. Ecology did not address SSA's argument regarding the incorporation of the federal regulatory language in the specific definition of industrial activity. Soundkeeper likewise ignores this argument in its reply. Dkt. 293 at 3.

Turning to the law of contract interpretation, "[a] written contract must be read as a whole and every part interpreted with reference to the whole, with preference given to reasonable interpretations." Klamath Water Users Protective Ass'n v. Patterson, 204 F.3d 1206, 1210 (9th Cir. 1999), opinion amended on denial of reh'g, 203 F.3d 1175 (9th Cir. 2000). "Whenever possible, the plain language of the contract should be considered first." Id.

In this case, the plain language of the ISGP supports the Port and SSA's positions. Although the table listing industrial facilities does not include the federal language, the specific definition of industrial activities cites and incorporates this language. That definition "means (1) the 11 categories of industrial activities identified in 40 CFR 122.26(b)(14)(i-xi) that must apply for either coverage under this permit" and "Table 1 lists the 11 categories of industrial activities identified in 40 CFR 122.26(b)(14)(i-xi) in a different format." Dkt. 270-1 at 54. This is clear, unambiguous language establishing that the ISGP relies on the federal regulations and its "only those portions" exclusionary definition as applied to transportation facilities. Neither Soundkeeper nor Ecology provides a persuasive argument undermining the ISGP's direct reference and incorporation of the federal language. Therefore, the Court concludes that the Port's ISGP defines industrial activity as "[o]nly those portions of the facility that are either involved in vehicle maintenance (including vehicle rehabilitation, mechanical repairs, painting, fueling, and lubrication), equipment cleaning operations, airport deicing operations, or which are otherwise identified under paragraphs (b)(14) (i)-(vii) or (ix)-(xi) of this section are associated with industrial activity."

Although Ecology contends that it intended to expand the scope of the ISGP, "courts must interpret contracts, if possible, so as to avoid internal conflict." Trident Ctr. v. Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 847 F.2d 564, 566 (9th Cir. 1988). Interpreting the ISGP as Ecology contends would result in an internal conflict between the table of industrial activities, Table 1, and the statement "Table 1 lists the 11 categories of industrial activities identified in 40 CFR 122.26(b)(14)(i-xi) in a different format." Dkt. 270-1 at 54. Ecology, as drafter of the ISGP and aware of the confusing conflict from public comments, Dkt. 185-2 at 78, fails to harmonize its intent with its permit. Thus, the Court must reject Ecology's position regarding an expansive permit and grant the Port's motion on the clear language of the ISGP.

3. Alternative Activities

Soundkeeper argues that even if the Court accepts the Port's position on the initial issue, the Port engages in other industrial activities on the wharf that compel compliance with stormwater management. Dkt. 185 at 18-24. Soundkeeper relies on section (b)(14)'s preamble that sets forth a non-exhaustive list of industrial activities such as material handling and rail lines for carrying cargo. Id. at 19-20. The problem, however, is that this list of activities may not overcome the exclusionary language in part (viii) that limits industrial activities to "only those portions" of transportation facilities. Ecology recognized this "loophole" and unsuccessfully attempted to expand the scope of the ISGP by listing "material handling activities." The Court likewise recognizes the controlling and specific limiting language is set forth in part (viii) and rejects Soundkeeper's argument that transportation facilities are subject to regulation for the non-exhaustive list of activities set forth in the preamble. Based on this conclusion, the Court also rejects Ecology's argument that loading and unloading of containers at the wharf constitute industrial activities subject to regulation. Dkt. 269 at 4-5.

Soundkeeper cites Puget Soundkeeper All. v. Rainier Petroleum Corp., C14-0829JLR, 2015 WL 13655379 (W.D. Wash. Dec. 16, 2015) for the proposition that this Court held that industrial activities other than vehicle maintenance and/or equipment cleaning at a marine transportation facility required stormwater management. Dkt. 185 at 21-22. This case, however, is neither controlling nor persuasive because the regulated entity was both a marine transportation facility and a petroleum storage facility, which significantly expanded the industrial activities that it had to monitor and manage.

4. Regulated Activities

The Port moves for summary judgment on any of Soundkeeper's claims arising from stormwater discharges at the wharf. Dkt. 176 at 18. Soundkeeper responds in part that vehicle maintenance and/or equipment cleaning occur on the wharf because the large mechanical cranes are maintained and cleaned in place on the wharf. Dkt. 185 at 24-25. To support this argument, Soundkeeper has submitted a report by Dr. Richard Horner citing grease and gear oil spills observed during a site visit. Dkt. 187. The Port counters that Soundkeeper's reference to the cranes as "equipment" is dispositive because the ISGP only regulates "vehicle" maintenance and equipment cleaning. Dkt. 189 at 2-3. The Court agrees with the Port because equipment maintenance is not an industrial activity under 40 C.F.R. 122.26(b)(14)(viii) or the corresponding ISGP. Therefore, the Court grants the Port's motion on Soundkeeper's claims regarding discharges from the Port's wharf.

IV. ORDER

Therefore, it is hereby ORDERED that Port's motion for partial summary judgment, Dkt. 176, and motion to seal, Dkt. 281, are GRANTED, the Port's motion in limine, Dkt. 283, is DENIED without prejudice, and the Port's motion for leave to supplement the record, Dkt. 299, is DENIED.

Dated this 3rd day of November, 2020.

/s/_________

BENJAMIN H. SETTLE

United States District Judge