Summary
In Price, the mortgagee bank relied on language in the mortgage contract to repossess the mortgaged ship without judicial intervention and sell the vessel at public auction.
Summary of this case from Nate Leasing Co. v. WigginsOpinion
No. C81-454B.
December 28, 1983.
Jeffrey L. Jernegan of Moriarty, Mikkleborg, Broz, Wells Fryer, Seattle, Wash., for plaintiff.
Allan L. MacDougall of Madden, Poliak, MacDougall Williamson and Jeffrey B. Van Duzer, Seattle, Wash., for cross-defendants.
ORDER DENYING MOTION TO PRECLUDE DEFICIENCY
Plaintiff Frank D. Price, Jr. alleges that he was and is the owner of F/V DALENA. He granted a preferred ship mortgage to defendant Seattle-First National Bank (Sea-First) as security for a loan of $97,500. Said mortgage included the following provision:
But if default be made in such payments, or in any one of such payments, or if default be made in the prompt and faithful performance of any of the covenants herein contained . . . or if [Price] shall negligently or willfully permit said property to waste, or be damaged or destroyed, [the bank] is hereby authorized to take possession of said goods, chattels, and any personal property at any time wherever found, either before or after [the maturity date of the mortgage] and to sell and convey the same, or so much thereof as may be necessary to satisfy the said debt, interest, and reasonable expenses. . . .
Sea-First alleges that Price did not make the first payment of principal and interest, due on December 30, 1979, and that Price has not been current in his payments on the note since that time. The alleged indebtedness is now over $169,000.
Early in 1981, DALENA sank at her moorings at Fishermen's Terminal in Seattle. Price alleges that he tried to raise her, but could not do so. Sea-First learned of the sinking some two weeks after it occurred, and, believing its collateral to be in peril, raised the vessel and seized her without judicial intervention. Sea-First had DALENA surveyed and found her hull rotten and near worthless. Sea-First then sold DALENA at a public auction where Royce Hendrickson, upon his bid of $1,601, purchased the vessel. Hendrickson stripped DALENA of equipment he considered valuable and eventually cut her up for firewood.
Price subsequently filed the complaint herein alleging that Sea-First seized DALENA without proper notice to Price and without legal process. He also alleges that Sea-First negligently raised DALENA and, in doing so, damaged her. Price claims damages of not less than $85,000.
Sea-First answered in part by counterclaim against Price to foreclose a real estate mortgage which was granted as security for the same loan as that secured by said preferred ship mortgage. On February 3, 1983, the court refused to exercise jurisdiction over the counterclaim and dismissed it without prejudice. That foreclosure action is apparently pending in the Superior Court for the State of Washington.
Price now moves this court for summary judgment declaring a deficiency judgment to be unavailable to Sea-First. He argues that the exclusive procedure for foreclosure of a preferred ship mortgage is set forth in the Ship Mortgage Act, at 46 U.S.C. § 951. Since Sea-First did not follow that procedure, Price asks this court to enter judgment denying Sea-First a deficiency.
Sea-First argues in response that the Ship Mortgage Act does provide the exclusive judicial remedy for foreclosure of a preferred ship mortgage. Sea-First argues, however, that the act does not preclude private contractual remedies supplemental to that provided for in the act. Crofton Diesel Engine Co. v. Puget Sound National Bank of Tacoma, 205 F.2d 950 (9th Cir. 1953), could imply support for the proposition that the parties are not precluded by the act from providing private remedies in preferred ship mortgage contracts. In that case, the bank had first and second preferred ship mortgages upon the defendant vessel which contained provisions for nonjudicial foreclosure in the event of default defined by liens incurred and not paid off within thirty days. The Ninth Circuit held that the clause did not operate as a waiver of the preferred status of the mortgage, but was merely a "condition subsequent [reciting] certain conditions which will permit the immediate enforcement and foreclosure of the mortgage." Crofton, supra, at 951.
In Crofton, the bank foreclosed its mortgages in accordance with 46 U.S.C. § 951. The court did not reach the issue of whether private remedies are available when contractually prescribed in a preferred ship mortgage. In fact, the court has not found, nor has it been directed to, a reported case wherein a preferred ship mortgage was foreclosed privately; in all cases of which the court has knowledge, the mortgagee has always chosen to utilize admiralty procedure. The cases cited by Sea-First in opposition to Price's contention stand for the simple proposition that a "self help" provision in a preferred ship mortgage does not destroy its preferred character.
The only restriction upon parties making any contract they desire is that the contracts not be illegal or contrary to public policy. Contracts for mortgages on vessels have never been so held. Prior to the enactment of the Ship Mortgage Act, 46 U.S.C. § 911-984, however, such mortgage contracts were not considered maritime and the federal courts were accordingly without jurisdiction to enforce them. The Ship Mortgage Act granted jurisdiction and it is the exclusive remedy in the federal courts with respect to ship mortgages. In Detroit Trust Co. v. S/S THOMAS BARLUM, 293 U.S. 21, 55 S.Ct. 31, 79 L.Ed. 176 (1934), the Supreme Court held that "if the mortgage is a preferred mortgage within the definition of the act, jurisdiction is granted; otherwise not." Id. at 33, 55 S.Ct. at 33. Furthermore, "if a mortgage is within the act, there can be no suit to foreclose in a state court; if the mortgage is not within the act, there can be no suit for foreclosure in the admiralty." Id. at 42, 55 S.Ct. at 37. It follows that a "self help" provision sanctioning private foreclosure can only be exercised in accordance with state law. The alternative would be to allow judicial expansion into a legislative domain and to allow private remedy at the option of the mortgagee in derogation of the rights of possible third party lienors, and in derogation of the distinct public interest in a uniform practice dealing with judicial foreclosure of security interests in vessels. See, The THOMAS BARLUM, supra, at 39, 55 S.Ct. at 36.
This court is without authority, however, to declare invalid an in personam remedy similar to that provided by RCW 62A.9-504 for the foreclosure of chattel mortgages. The validity of "self help" provisions and the availability of a deficiency judgment after private foreclosure are both issues for the state to resolve. Accordingly, it is
ORDERED that the motion of Price is denied.