Opinion
NO. 01-11-00740-CR
06-07-2012
JEFFREY MARLON PETERSEN, Appellant v. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 180th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 1263316
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted Jeffrey Marlon Petersen of aggravated assault against a public servant and sentenced him to sixty years' confinement. Petersen challenges his conviction, arguing that the trial court improperly denied his request to instruct the jury on resisting arrest as a lesser-included offense. We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Petersen's request for the lesser-included-offense instruction. We therefore affirm the trial court's judgment.
Background
A routine traffic stop for an expired registration sticker evolved into an incident in which, according to the State, Petersen drew a gun on Officer E. Garza. The State charged Petersen with aggravated assault against a public servant, asserting that Petersen intentionally and knowingly threatened Garza, whom Petersen knew to be a public servant, with imminent bodily injury by using and exhibiting a firearm, while Garza was lawfully discharging an official duty. At trial, Petersen objected to the jury charge, requesting that the trial court submit resisting arrest to the jury as a lesser-included offense. The trial court overruled that objection. The jury convicted Petersen of aggravated assault against a public servant. Petersen pleaded true to one enhancement, and the jury assessed punishment at sixty years' confinement.
Lesser-Included-Offense Instruction
We review the trial court's decision regarding inclusion of a lesser-included offense in the jury charge for abuse of discretion. Brock v. State, 295 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. ref'd); see Jackson v. State, 160 S.W.3d 568, 575 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (holding that trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to submit lesser-included offense to jury). Resisting arrest with a deadly weapon is a lesser-included offense of aggravated assault against a public servant if (1) it is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish aggravated assault against a public servant; (2) it differs from aggravated assault against a public servant only in the respect that it requires a less serious injury or risk of injury to the same person, property, or public interest; (3) it differs from aggravated assault against a public servant only in the respect that it requires a less culpable mental state; or (4) it consists of an attempt to commit aggravated assault against a public servant or an otherwise included offense. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.09 (West 2006).
We apply a two-pronged "cognate-pleadings analysis" to determine whether the trial court should submit a lesser-included offense to the jury in a particular case. Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 535-36 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). To show that the trial court erred in refusing his lesser-included-offense instruction under this standard, Petersen must demonstrate that: (1) the elements of resisting arrest are established by proof of the same or less than all of the facts required to establish aggravated assault against a public servant and (2) some evidence exists that would permit a rational jury to find the defendant guilty of only resisting arrest and not aggravated assault against a public servant. See id.
To determine whether Petersen has satisfied the first prong of this test, we compare the statutory elements of aggravated assault against a public servant, as modified by the particular allegations in the indictment, against the statutory elements of resisting arrest. Id. at 536. The indictment alleged that Petersen "intentionally and knowingly threatened [Garza] with imminent bodily injury . . . while [Garza] was lawfully discharging an official duty, by using and exhibiting a deadly weapon, namely a firearm, knowing that [Garza] was a public servant." Cf. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(2), (b)(1) (West 2011) (defining elements of assault against public servant); id. § 22.02(a)(2), (b)(2)(B) (West 2011) (defining elements of aggravated assault). A person commits the offense of resisting arrest if he (1) intentionally (2) prevents or obstructs (3) a person he knows is a peace officer (4) from effecting an arrest, search, or transportation of the actor or another (5) by using force against the peace officer or another. Id. § 38.03(a) (West 2011). Resisting arrest is a third degree felony if the actor uses a deadly weapon. Id. § 38.03(d). A comparison of these elements demonstrates that Petersen cannot satisfy the first prong of the cognate-pleadings test for a lesser-included-offense instruction.
First, aggravated assault against a public servant, as charged against Petersen, requires proof that Petersen threatened Garza with imminent bodily injury, while resisting arrest requires proof that Petersen actually used force against Garza. Compare TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(2), with id. § 38.03(a). Thus, the offense of resisting arrest requires proof of at least one element that is not within the facts necessary to prove aggravated assault against a public servant, as charged against Petersen.See Dunklin v. State, 194 S.W.3d 14, 22 (Tex. App.— Tyler 2006, no pet.) (holding that defendant convicted of aggravated assault against public servant based on threatening police officer was not entitled to lesser-included-offense instruction on resisting arrest, which required use of force); Potts v. State, No. 03-05-00009-CR, 2006 WL 664211, at *4 (Tex. App.—Austin Mar. 17, 2006, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding same and noting that "[t]he elements of the two crimes are different. To prove resisting arrest, the State must prove that there was a use of force. To prove aggravated assault by threat, the State must prove that there was a threat of force."); Schreyer v. State, No. 05-03-01127-CR, 2005 WL 1793193, at *8 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 29, 2005, pet. ref'd) (not designated for publication) (holding same and observing that "aggravated assault requires proof that a public servant was only threatened with imminent bodily injury; resisting arrest requires proof that a defendant used force against a peace officer (i.e., prevented or obstructed his arrest)"); see also Miller v. State, 86 S.W.3d 663, 665 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2002, pet. ref'd) (holding that resisting arrest is not lesser-included offense of aggravated assault by threat against a public servant).
Petersen argues that the evidence at trial demonstrated that he produced a gun and engaged in physical resistance with Garza and that such evidence establishes a "use of force" against Garza. But we "do not consider the evidence that was presented at trial" when applying the first step of the cognate-pleadings test; "[i]nstead, we consider only the statutory elements of [aggravated assault against a public servant] as they were modified by the particular allegations in the indictment." Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 536 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The question at this stage of the analysis is not whether the State proved the elements of the alleged lesser-included offense but whether the State had to do so to prove the offense charged.
Second, to convict Petersen for resisting arrest, the State would have to show that Garza was "effecting an arrest, search, or transportation of the actor or another," but the State did not have to prove this element to prove the charged offense. Compare TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(2), with id. § 38.03(a). To prove aggravated assault under the State's indictment against Petersen, the State only had to prove that Garza was "'lawfully discharging an official duty,' which may or may not involve an arrest." Gilmore v. State, 44 S.W.3d 92, 96 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2001, pet. ref'd) (holding that defendant was not entitled to instruction on resisting arrest as lesser-included offense of aggravated assault on this basis); see also Dunklin, 194 S.W.3d at 22 ("resisting arrest required proof of two elements the aggravated assault did not: (1) preventing or obstructing a peace officer from effecting an arrest and (2) using force against the peace officer"); Garcia v. State, No. 01-05-01055-CR, 2006 WL 2885057, at *6 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 12, 2006, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding that defendant was not entitled to instruction on resisting arrest as lesser-included offense of assault and stating, "[R]esisting arrest requires that the officer be in the act of making an arrest. Assaulting a public servant may occur at any time that the public servant is conducting his official duty."). The element of resisting arrest is not within the facts necessary to prove aggravated assault against a public servant, as charged against Petersen here.
Petersen argues that "[t]he evidence that he committed aggravated assault knowing that Garza was a public servant lawfully attempting to arrest appellant also establishes that he intentionally prevented or obstructed Garza from effecting his arrest." Again, we may not examine the evidence at trial in analyzing the first prong of the cognate-pleadings test. Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 536.
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Thus, Petersen has not demonstrated that the elements of resisting arrest are established by proof of the same or less than all of the facts required to establish aggravated assault against a public servant, as the State charged that offense against him. See Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 535-36. Because Petersen has not satisfied the first prong of the cognate-pleadings test for a lesser-included-offense instruction, we need not reach the second prong. Cf. Lofton v. State, 45 S.W.3d 649, 651 -52 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (holding that defendant was not entitled to submission of resisting arrest as lesser-included offense under second prong when State did not challenge first prong). We overrule Petersen's sole issue.
Conclusion
We hold that the trial court did not err in denying Petersen's requested instruction on resisting arrest as a lesser-included offense. We therefore affirm the trial court's judgment.
Harvey Brown
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Bland, Massengale, and Brown. Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).