Opinion
February 14, 1989
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Kings County (Rader, J.).
Ordered that the order is reversed, on the law, and a new trial is ordered on the issue of liability, with costs to abide the event.
The plaintiff Paolo Pesce was employed as a mechanic for the third-party defendant Arthur Tickle Engineer Works, Inc. (hereinafter Arthur Tickle), a company engaged in the business of repairing steel containers used to ship goods overseas. At approximately 4:00 P.M., on January 3, 1980, the foreman for Arthur Tickle, Juan Eleoterio, directed his employee Frank Luchetto to transport metal lockers on a so-called hi-lo vehicle to the Arthur Tickle yard located on Commerce Street in Brooklyn. Eleoterio instructed Luchetto and other Arthur Tickle workers to lay plywood on the hi-lo first and to then place the lockers on their sides on top of the plywood. Eleoterio then ordered Pesce to stand on top of the hi-lo and to hold the lockers steady with his hand. As Luchetto drove the vehicle down Richards Street, a roadway owned and operated by the defendant City of New York, at a speed of approximately 3 to 5 miles per hour, the vehicle hit a pothole which had been in the street for over a year. When Luchetto slammed on his brakes, Pesce fell to the ground with the lockers falling on top of him.
Pesce and his wife commenced this action against the City of New York, which then brought a third-party action against Arthur Tickle. Following a trial of the action, the City was found to be 10% at fault in the happening of the accident while Arthur Tickle was held to be 90% at fault. The jury further determined that the plaintiff was not contributorily negligent.
The city and Arthur Tickle claim that any negligence on the part of the city in failing to repair the pothole was severed by the unforeseeable negligent conduct of Pesce, who agreed to hold unsecured lockers while standing atop a hi-lo as it drove along a public street. They therefore claim that the plaintiffs failed to prove that the city's alleged negligence was a proximate cause of Pesce's injuries. We disagree.
"The liability of a municipality begins and ends with the fulfillment of its duty to construct and maintain its highways in a reasonably safe condition, taking into account such factors as the traffic conditions apprehended, the terrain encountered, fiscal practicality and a host of other criteria (see, generally, Liability of Governmental Entity or Public Officer for Personal Injury or Damages Arising out of Vehicular Accident Due to Negligent or Defective Design of a Highway, Ann., 45 ALR3d 875, and cases cited therein; cf., Weiss v Fote, 7 N.Y.2d 579)." (Tomassi v Town of Union, 46 N.Y.2d 91, 97.) Liability will attach when the governmental agency responsible for maintaining the street had actual or constructive notice of a dangerous condition (see, Harris v Village of E. Hills, 41 N.Y.2d 446) and then failed to take reasonable measures to correct the condition (see, Brooks v New York State Thruway Auth., 73 A.D.2d 767, affd 51 N.Y.2d 892; Rinaldi v State of New York, 49 A.D.2d 361).
Since a prima facie case of negligence was established, it was for the finder of fact to determine causation (Derdiarian v Felix Contr. Corp., 51 N.Y.2d 308, rearg denied 52 N.Y.2d 784). Moreover, the question of whether any intervening act of the plaintiff was extraordinary under the circumstances or independent of or far removed from the defendants' conduct was also a question of fact for the jury to resolve (see, Derdiarian v Felix Contr. Corp., supra; Nallan v Helmsley-Spear, Inc., 50 N.Y.2d 507; Cohen v Hallmark Cards, 45 N.Y.2d 493). Therefore, the Supreme Court did not abuse its discretion in denying the respective motions of the city and Arthur Tickle for judgment during trial (see, CPLR 4401) and to set aside the jury verdict (see, CPLR 4404 [a]). Although the evidence adduced at trial indicated that the lockers were not secured on January 3, 1980, and, although the plaintiff did not complain about the dangerous condition to his supervisor, Eleoterio, or to his union representative, such evidence does not change the fact that questions of negligence and contributory negligence were for the jury's determination (Donohue v East Riv. Mill Lbr. Co., 224 N.Y. 149).
However, we find that the trial court's charge with respect to the risk assumed by the plaintiff under the direction of his superior requires a new trial of this action. The court charged initially that: "When a person in the capacity of a superior assumes control over a workman on a job and directs him to proceed under circumstances recognizable as dangerous, the subordinate workman has little if any choice in the matter but to obey it, and if he stays within the limits of the superior's instructions and is injured, he may not be penalized by a claim of contributory negligence as a matter of law."
Although this language in effect tracked the language employed by the Court of Appeals in the leading case of Broderick v Cauldwell-Wingate Co. ( 301 N.Y. 182), the Court of Appeals stated that when the issue of a plaintiff's contributory negligence survives a challenge to the plaintiff's proof of a prima facie case, the issue remains a question of fact for the jury's resolution. The trial court's instruction to the jurors in the instant case, that they must not find the plaintiff contributorily negligent as a matter of law was, therefore, erroneous.
The trial court thereafter charged the jury on the issue of the plaintiff's contributory negligence in accordance with PJI 2:56 and correctly instructed the jurors that it was their role to determine whether the plaintiff acted reasonably under all the circumstances. The confusion continued, however, when the trial court, in response to defense counsels' objections to the charge provided, reinstructed the jury that "[a] person placed in the dilemma of abandoning the reasonable course of his work or assuming a risk will not be charged with contributory negligence as a matter of law if he adopts the latter alternative" (emphasis added).
"It is well settled that a charge that confuses and creates doubt as to the principles of law to be applied requires a new trial (see, Biener v City of New York, 47 A.D.2d 520)" (Carelli v Demoro-Grafferi, 121 A.D.2d 673, 674). Accordingly, the matter is remitted to the Supreme Court for a new trial.
We have considered the parties' remaining contentions and find them to be without merit. Bracken, J.P., Lawrence, Kunzeman and Kooper, JJ., concur.