Opinion
Lyon & Lyon, of Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiff.
Westall & Wallace, of Los Angeles, Cal., for defendant.
JAMES, District Judge.
Defendant has presented exceptions to interrogatories propounded by the plaintiff. The suit is for infringement of patent, and claim is made for recovery of treble damages under the statutory provision. The defendant insists that to compel him to make answer to the interrogatories may result in admissions being extracted from him which will aid in making out a case justifying treble damages, and that hence he is privileged not to answer. Counsel for the plaintiff was disposed at the argument to admit that the defendant might not be compelled to answer interrogatories which would have the result indicated, but claimed that defendant had waived that privilege by appearing and making answer, and by submitting his own affidavit on an application for temporary injunction heretofore heard.
The question as to whether such privilege can be claimed under the circumstances shown, excluding the matter of waiver altogether, is not to be decided in agreement with the position taken by defendant. The question is not that a court of equity extends any peculiar or unusual consideration to a party to an action, when testimony is required of him, but whether the ground here urged would be generally available to a witness when called upon to testify in any action in a court of justice, be it in law or in equity, or of a criminal nature. And the right to refuse to answer must ultimately rest upon constitutional protection, by which a person is relieved from furnishing evidence against himself, where the result of the disclosure will be to punish him by the imposition of a penalty, whether by fine or imprisonment, or of a nature similar to either. Equity rule 58 (198 F. xxxiv, 115 C.C.A. xxxiv), in its purpose and intent, and agreeably to the disposition and spirit of modern practice to arrive at the truth and promote the administration of justice speedily, and with a lessening regard for obstructive forms and rules, contemplates without doubt the permitting of a full interrogation of the parties to an action prior to the trial thereof. It effects the purpose of enabling each party to be apprised of precisely what issues proof is to be offered under, and altogether saves, not only time and expense to litigants, but the time of counsel and court as well. It may even, in possible cases, make a trial unnecessary and permit of judgment to be entered upon motion. Bronk v. Scott Co., 211 F. 338, 128 C.C.A. 17 (C.C.A.7th).
Courts have held, and not a few of them, especially in earlier decisions, that the mere fact that a party might in a suit, even a civil one, be required by the judgment to pay a sum in excess of a compensatory amount to his adversary, would entitle him, when examined as a witness, to claim the privilege. This was extending the constitutional protection under the plea of analogy to a limit which is not now recognized to be reasonable. In 28 Ruling Case Law, p. 425, the editor gives expression to what seems to be the modern rule, where it is stated:
'However, it has been held that the privilege of a witness does not apply to penalty of a purely remedial character, and the distinction between the provisions of a remedial statute for the enforcement of the remedy and a penal statute has been stated to be that the penalty imposed by the remedial statute is not imposed as a punishment for a public wrong, but as redress for a private grievance.'
And as was said by Judge Cooley in Jennings v. Prentice, 39 Mich. 421, a witness' 'dishonesty or fraud, when not criminal, may as properly be proved by him as by any other person. ' If the objection insisted
Page 761.
upon here is valid, then the defendant could not be called as a witness on the trial and required to give any testimony relating to the alleged infringing device. Neither could he be required to produce his device. The question is not to be measured by restrictive rules governing bills of discovery. Such independent equity proceedings have largely fallen into disuse and been superseded by provisions of statute and rules of court. Discovery, as the Supreme Court of the United States observed, in Ex parte Boyd, 105 U.S. 657, 26 L.Ed. 1200, 'would scarcely be resorted to, unless under special circumstances, now, when parties are competent witnesses, and can be compelled to answer, under oath, all relevant interrogatories properly exhibited. * * * ' The Supreme Court of California, in Levy v. Superior Court, 105 Cal. 600, 38 P. 965, 29 L.R.A. 811, states that a witness cannot make the claim of privilege where the result of admissions will be only to impose a penalty provided as a redress for a private grievance and not as punishment for a public wrong. And this court, by the late Judge Trippet, in Quirk v. Quirk, 259 F. 597, made this pertinent observation:
'There is no reason why the parties should wait until the day of trial, and then bring in witnesses to prove facts that the parties may be compelled to admit under oath prior to the trial. The truth is always the truth, and telling the truth will not hurt any one, except in so far as he ought to be hurt. The only protection that should be afforded any litigant from answering any interrogatories, which call for material facts for the plaintiff or the defendant, is to protect him in his constitutional rights, such as to be compelled in a criminal case to be a witness against himself, and in matter of public policy, where the statute prohibits disclosures, such as confidential communications, etc.'
This case was cited recently in a decision rendered here touching the right of the plaintiff to compel full disclosure of facts constituting the defense alleged. See Cobb Temperature Regulator Company et al. v. Baird et al., 292 F. 909, July 24, 1923.
The statute allowing treble damages is remedial; the action is to redress a private grievance; defendant by any disclosure will not, so far as reasonably appears, make himself liable to prosecution for any public offense or a forfeiture of estate. Hence no constitutional right will be invaded by requiring him to make answer to the interrogatories. Some additional exceptions are specified by the defendant, but they were not particularly urged at the argument, and seem to be without merit.
The exceptions are overruled, with direction to defendant to make answer to the interrogatories within 15 days after notice given to his counsel of this ruling.