Opinion
2015-11-4
The PEOPLE, etc., respondent, v. Terell VIERA, appellant.
Lynn W.L. Fahey, New York, N.Y. (De Nice Powell of counsel), for appellant, and appellant pro se. Kenneth P. Thompson, District Attorney, Brooklyn, N.Y. (Leonard Joblove and Diane R. Eisner of counsel), for respondent.
Lynn W.L. Fahey, New York, N.Y. (De Nice Powell of counsel), for appellant, and appellant pro se.Kenneth P. Thompson, District Attorney, Brooklyn, N.Y. (Leonard Joblove and Diane R. Eisner of counsel), for respondent.
L. PRISCILLA HALL, J.P., SANDRA L. SGROI, JEFFREY A. COHEN, and JOSEPH J. MALTESE, JJ.
Appeal by the defendant from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Kings County (Firetog, J.), rendered May 5, 2011, convicting him of manslaughter in the first degree, criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree, and bribery in the third degree, upon a jury verdict, and imposing sentence. The appeal brings up for review the denial, after a hearing, of the defendant's application to permit defense counsel to review the psychiatric records of one of the People's witnesses.
ORDERED that the judgment is affirmed.
The defendant was convicted of, inter alia, manslaughter in the first degree for the shooting death of Elsmaker Iverson on November 2, 2008. Prior to trial, the defendant sought leave to review the psychiatric records of the sole identification witness and to use those records at trial to cross-examine that witness regarding his purported mental health issues. The Supreme Court, after reviewing the records in camera, declined to allow defense counsel to review those documents and subsequently struck a series of questions on cross-examination by defense counsel regarding the witness's purported mental health diagnosis, on the basis that defense counsel lacked a good-faith basis for the questions.
The defendant's contention that the Supreme Court deprived him of a fair trial by denying his request to access and review the psychiatric records and precluding him from using those records to cross-examine the witness is without merit. While the right of an accused to confront the witnesses against him through cross-examination is a constitutional right ( seeU.S. Const., 6th, 14 Amends.; N.Y. Const., art. I § 6; Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 94 S.Ct. 1105, 39 L.Ed.2d 347; Douglas v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 415, 85 S.Ct. 1074, 13 L.Ed.2d 934; Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 85 S.Ct. 1065, 13 L.Ed.2d 923; People v. Parker, 57 N.Y.2d 136, 139, 454 N.Y.S.2d 967, 440 N.E.2d 1313) and “the principal means by which the believability of a witness and the truth of his testimony are tested” (Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. at 316, 94 S.Ct. 1105, 39 L.Ed.2d 347), that right must be balanced against the witness's need for confidentiality ( see People v. Baranek, 287 A.D.2d 74, 78, 733 N.Y.S.2d 704; People v. Arnold, 177 A.D.2d 633, 576 N.Y.S.2d 339).
Psychiatric records are confidential, but they may be disclosed upon a finding by the court that the interests of justice significantly outweigh the need for confidentiality ( see People v. Brooks, 199 A.D.2d 275, 604 N.Y.S.2d 219; People v. Arnold, 177 A.D.2d at 634, 576 N.Y.S.2d 339). The proper procedure in such a case is for the court to order production of the records and to inspect them in camera ( see People v. Gissendanner, 48 N.Y.2d 543, 550, 423 N.Y.S.2d 893, 399 N.E.2d 924; People v. Knowell, 127 A.D.2d 794, 512 N.Y.S.2d 190).
Here, the Supreme Court, after inspecting the records in camera, properly balanced the interests of justice against the witness's need for confidentiality and providently exercised its discretion in denying the defendant's application for disclosure of the records and use of the records in cross-examination ( see People v. Bird, 284 A.D.2d 339, 725 N.Y.S.2d 573; People v. Arnold, 177 A.D.2d at 634–635, 576 N.Y.S.2d 339; see also People v. Mileto, 290 A.D.2d 877, 737 N.Y.S.2d 170; People v. Toledo, 270 A.D.2d 805, 709 N.Y.S.2d 257).
Also prior to trial, the People sought leave to introduce certain evidence on their direct case regarding the defendant's alleged involvement in a plot to shoot a prosecution witness who had identified the defendant as the perpetrator of the shooting of Iverson. The plot against the prosecution witness was carried out by two men; one of the men was the defendant's brother, and the other was a member of a gang of which the defendant was a member. The defendant objected that this was impermissible evidence of an uncharged crime. The Supreme Court permitted the prosecutor to elicit the evidence as probative of the defendant's consciousness of guilt. The defendant contends that he was deprived of his due process right to a fair trial when the Supreme Court permitted the People to elicit evidence of the uncharged shooting of the prosecution witness and the defendant's alleged gang membership, in combination with certain testimony from a police witness regarding the defendant's postarrest silence.
Contrary to the defendant's contentions, the Supreme Court did not improvidently exercise its discretion when it permitted the prosecution witness to testify to the circumstances leading up to and culminating in him being shot by two persons directly connected to the defendant. “Certain post crime conduct is [viewed as] ‘indicative of consciousness of guilt, and hence of guilt itself’ ” (People v. Bennett, 79 N.Y.2d 464, 469, 583 N.Y.S.2d 825, 593 N.E.2d 279, quoting People v. Reddy, 261 N.Y. 479, 486, 185 N.E. 705). Consciousness of guilt evidence includes evidence of coercion and harassment of witnesses ( see People v. Bennett, 79 N.Y.2d at 470, 583 N.Y.S.2d 825, 593 N.E.2d 279; People v. Christiani, 96 A.D.3d 870, 871–872, 946 N.Y.S.2d 235; People v. Myrick, 31 A.D.3d 668, 669, 818 N.Y.S.2d 287) and “[e]vidence that a third party threatened a witness with respect to testifying at a criminal trial is admissible where there is at least circumstantial evidence linking the defendant to the threat” (People v. Myrick, 31 A.D.3d at 669, 818 N.Y.S.2d 287; see People v. Spruill, 299 A.D.2d 374, 375, 750 N.Y.S.2d 312; People v. Kornegay, 164 A.D.2d 868, 868, 559 N.Y.S.2d 552).
Here, there was sufficient circumstantial evidence linking the defendant to the plot to shoot the witness ( see People v. Anderson, 76 A.D.3d 980, 981, 908 N.Y.S.2d 409; People v. Arguinzoni, 48 A.D.3d 1239, 1240, 852 N.Y.S.2d 546; People v. Myrick, 31 A.D.3d at 669, 818 N.Y.S.2d 287; People v. Spruill, 299 A.D.2d at 374, 750 N.Y.S.2d 312) and the evidence of the defendant's gang membership was relevant to establish the relationship between the actors ( see People v. Guevara, 96 A.D.3d 781, 948 N.Y.S.2d 70; People v. Devers, 82 A.D.3d 1261, 920 N.Y.S.2d 177; People v. Jordan, 74 A.D.3d 986, 902 N.Y.S.2d 379; People v. Flores, 46 A.D.3d 570, 846 N.Y.S.2d 626; People v. Ramirez, 23 A.D.3d 500, 805 N.Y.S.2d 617). Under the circumstances, the probative value of the evidence as to the defendant's consciousness of guilt outweighed the prejudice ( see People v. Case, 113 A.D.3d 872, 873, 979 N.Y.S.2d 383; People v. Anderson, 76 A.D.3d at 981, 908 N.Y.S.2d 409).
Although the Supreme Court erred by permitting the People, during their direct case, to introduce police testimony that the defendant, after being advised of his Miranda ( Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694) rights, initially agreed to speak with the police but, thereafter, invoked his right to remain silent ( see People v. Von Werne, 41 N.Y.2d 584, 588, 394 N.Y.S.2d 183, 362 N.E.2d 982; People v. Scalerico, 140 A.D.2d 386, 527 N.Y.S.2d 567; cf. People v. Hendricks, 222 A.D.2d 74, 646 N.Y.S.2d 845), this error was harmless, in light of the overwhelming evidence of the defendant's guilt and the fact that there was no reasonable possibility that the error contributed to the defendant's conviction ( see People v. Crimmins, 36 N.Y.2d 230, 237, 367 N.Y.S.2d 213, 326 N.E.2d 787). Moreover, this error did not deprive the defendant of a fair trial.
The sentence imposed was not excessive ( see People v. Suitte, 90 A.D.2d 80, 455 N.Y.S.2d 675).
The defendant's remaining contentions, including those raised in his pro se supplemental brief, are unpreserved for appellate review and, in any event, without merit.