Opinion
2013-02-19
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Daniel VASQUEZ, Appellant.
Lynn W.L. Fahey, Appellate Advocates, New York City (Warren S. Landau of counsel), for appellant. Daniel Vasquez, appellant pro se.
Lynn W.L. Fahey, Appellate Advocates, New York City (Warren S. Landau of counsel), for appellant. Daniel Vasquez, appellant pro se.
Richard A. Brown, District Attorney, Kew Gardens (Donna Aldea and John M. Castellano of counsel), for respondent.
OPINION OF THE COURT
SMITH, J.
We hold that defendant's trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to object under CPL 710.30 to testimony about a victim's out-of-court identification.
I
A jury convicted defendant of attempted robbery, menacing and possession of a weapon, based on evidence that defendant approached a man in the street, asked for money, and pointed a knife at him. Evidence at trial showed that the victim ran into a nearby store and called 911. When Officer Brian Herbert responded to the call, defendant was still in the vicinity; the victim pointed him out, and Herbert arrested him. After the arrest, before taking defendant to the station house, Herbert asked the victim if he was sure that this was the man who robbed him, and the victim said “yes.”
Thus, the victim twice said to Herbert that defendant was the guilty party—before the arrest, when he pointed him out, and after it, when he told the officer he was sure. However, the People's notice of intention to offer identification testimony, served before trial pursuant to CPL 710.30(1)(b), said only:
“the People intend to offer at trial testimony of a witness, [naming the victim], who identified the defendant in a Printout, on July 4, 2007, at approximately 10:08 p.m., at Cypress Avenue and Madison Street.”
The notice did not mention that the victim had also said he was sure of his identification a few minutes later, while viewing defendant in Herbert's custody.
Defendant moved to suppress the point-out identification. The motion was denied after a Wade hearing at which Herbert was the only witness. The victim's post-arrest statement to Herbert was not mentioned at the hearing.
At trial, the People's first witness was Herbert, who testified that he responded to a radio call, went to the scene and spoke to the victim, arrested defendant and recovered a knife from a tree nearby. The second witness was the victim, who described his encounter with a man who tried to rob him. The victim said that he had pointed the man out to a police officer, and that the officer had arrested the offender, but the victim was not able to identify defendant in court as the man who committed the crime. He did say, however, that he had seen the offender throw away a knife near a tree, and that he had given that information to the officer.
The victim testified that, before the officer made the arrest, the person he arrested turned a corner and was briefly out of the victim's sight. In this, the victim's recollection differed from Herbert's; Herbert had testified that he arrested defendant on the corner. The victim also testified, without objection, that he had seen the person the officer had in custody, and that that person was indeed the would-be robber.
After the victim testified, the People re-called Herbert to give testimony authorized by CPL 60.25. Section 60.25(1)(a) applies where a witness testifies that he “observed” a person at the time and place of a crime or on another “incriminating occasion,” and that he later saw someone he recognized to be the same person, but cannot say at trial whether that person was the defendant. In such cases, the witness may testify that he observed the same person both times, and another witness may supply the missing link by testifying that the defendant was the person observed on the second occasion (CPL 60.25[2] ).
Here, the victim had testified to what may be viewed as three separate occasions, close to each other in time, on which he observed the man who tried to rob him: the crime itself; the moment when he pointed the offender out to Herbert; and the moment when he saw the arrested man in Herbert's custody. Herbert testified about both the second and third observations; the critical one for our purposes is the third. Herbert recounted the victim's post-arrest statement that he was sure the man arrested—identified by Herbert as defendant—was the man who robbed him. Defense counsel questioned whether the prerequisites of CPL 60.25 had been met, but did not object to testimony about the post-arrest statement on the ground that it was omitted from the pretrial CPL 710.30 notice.
The People concluded their case by offering defendant's testimony before the grand jury, in which he said that, just before being arrested, he had asked “a gentleman” for change (without brandishing a weapon); and that the gentleman “went in this restaurant and I guess maybe he misunderstood me ... but when he came back out there was police around.”
Defendant was convicted. He argued on appeal that the People had violated CPL 710.30, and that trial counsel's failure to raise that issue deprived him of the effective assistance of counsel. The Appellate Division held that the section 710.30 issue was unpreserved, and added that “although the trial court may have erred in admitting the showup identification testimony ... any such error was harmless” ( People v. Vasquez, 87 A.D.3d 1042, 1043, 929 N.Y.S.2d 180 [2d Dept.2011] ). The court also held that “defendant was not deprived of the effective assistance of counsel, as defense counsel provided meaningful representation” ( id.). A Judge of this Court granted leave to appeal (18 N.Y.3d 862, 938 N.Y.S.2d 870, 962 N.E.2d 295 [2011] ), and we now affirm.
IICPL 710.30 requires the People to serve on a defendant, before trial, a notice of their intention to offer “testimony regarding an observation of the defendant either at the time or place of the commission of the offense or upon some other occasion relevant to the case, to be given by a witness who has previously identified him as such.” The notice “must be served within fifteen days after arraignment and before trial” but the court may permit a late notice “[f]or good cause shown” and if it does so “must accord the defendant reasonable opportunity thereafter to make a suppression motion” (CPL 710.30 [2] ). When no notice is served, evidence of the kind specified in the statute may not be offered, unless defendant “has, despite the lack of such notice, moved to suppress such evidence and such motion has been denied” (CPL 710.30 [3] ). Defendant contends that he was entitled under this statute to the suppression of testimony about the victim's post-arrest identification.
We do not decide whether a CPL 710.30 violation justifying suppression occurred in this case. We are satisfied that, if defense counsel did make a mistake in failing to object to the evidence, the mistake was not so “egregious and prejudicial” as to deprive defendant of a fair trial ( People v. Caban, 5 N.Y.3d 143, 152, 800 N.Y.S.2d 70, 833 N.E.2d 213 [2005] ).
The People argue that there was no CPL 710.30 violation, saying among other things that the point-out was not separable from the post-arrest conversation minutes later. Because the two are part of the same continuum of events, the People say, the notification of the point-out gave defendant all the notice that he was entitled to. The argument is not without merit, especially if the People, when they served their CPL 710.30 notice, did not know (and nothing in the record indicates they did know) that the victim would testify at trial that he lost sight of the offender between his two conversations with the officer. If the offender was continuously in the victim's view, the argument that there was really only one post-crime “observation,” even though the victim identified defendant twice within a few minutes' time, seems a reasonable one. It is more plausible to speak of two observations—and the victim's post-arrest statement that he was sure the officer had the right man takes on greater importance—if the victim's view of the offender was interrupted.
Assuming that there was a section 710.30 violation, it might not have resulted in exclusion of the evidence in question. CPL 710.30(2) provides for the possibility of late notice, and a belated suppression hearing, when the People show “good cause.” The belated notice and hearing may occur during the trial ( People v. Anderson, 66 N.Y.2d 529, 537, 498 N.Y.S.2d 119, 488 N.E.2d 1231 [1985] ), and if the trial court thought the People had made an excusable error it might have granted such a remedy here.
In short, it is not obvious that defendant's counsel could have successfully sought preclusion of the evidence of the victim's post-arrest identification under section 710.30. An argument for preclusion could have been made, but not an argument “so compelling that a failure to make it amounted to ineffective assistance of counsel” ( People v. Carter, 7 N.Y.3d 875, 877, 826 N.Y.S.2d 588, 860 N.E.2d 50 [2006] ). Counsel's performance should not be “second-guessed with the clarity of hindsight” ( People v. Benevento, 91 N.Y.2d 708, 712, 674 N.Y.S.2d 629, 697 N.E.2d 584 [1998] ). Any deficiency in her performance was not so great that it can support an ineffective assistance claim.
[2] Nor has defendant shown any serious likelihood that he was prejudiced by trial counsel's alleged error. Even if the trial court had precluded evidence of the victim's post-arrest identification, the evidence against defendant would remain strong. That evidence included the victim's description of an attempted robbery; the victim's pointing out of a man, whom Herbert identified as defendant, immediately after the crime; the victim's testimony that the would-be robber had thrown away a knife near a tree; Herbert's recovery of the knife from that location; and defendant's admission to the grand jury that he had asked a “gentleman”—who the jury could readily infer was the victim—for money. It is hard to believe that, in light of this evidence, a jury that did not know of the post-arrest identification would have been left in doubt of defendant's guilt.
[1] Under the Federal Constitution, a defendant claiming ineffective assistance of counsel “must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different” ( Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 [1984] )—a showing defendant cannot make here. Under our State Constitution, a showing of prejudice is “not indispensable” but it is nevertheless “significant” in evaluating a claim of this kind ( People v. Stultz, 2 N.Y.3d 277, 284, 778 N.Y.S.2d 431, 810 N.E.2d 883 [2004] ). Under the circumstances here, where trial counsel committed at most a single, and not egregious, error, the absence of prejudice is fatal to defendant's claim.
The arguments made in defendant's pro se brief are not preserved for our review.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed. Chief Judge LIPPMAN and Judges GRAFFEO, READ and PIGOTT concur; Judge RIVERA taking no part.
Order affirmed.