Opinion
Docket No. 47880.
Decided February 9, 1981. Leave to appeal denied, 411 Mich. 1022.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, L. Brooks Patterson, Prosecuting Attorney, Robert C. Williams, Chief Appellate Counsel, and Geoffrey H. Nickol, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
David J. Hoffman, for defendant on appeal.
Defendant, Lamont C. Thomas, was convicted in a bench trial of carrying a concealed weapon, contrary to MCL 750.227; MSA 28.424, and was sentenced to not less than three years nor more than five years in prison. He made a motion for a new trial, claiming that evidence of the gun upon which the charge was based was produced through an illegal search and seizure. Upon denial of the motion, defendant appeals as of right.
Defendant was the front-seat passenger in an automobile that was stopped for failing to signal a left turn. Upon approaching the stopped vehicle, Sergeant Hawks and Officer Brown observed defendant bend forward so that his head was at or below the level of the dashboard. Sergeant Hawks found an open bottle of malt liquor standing upright on the floorboard between defendant's feet and placed him under arrest for possession of open intoxicants in a motor vehicle. The 14-year-old driver of the car was issued a citation for having no valid operator's license in her possession.
Defendant and the driver were taken to the patrol vehicle and, pursuant to departmental policy, a wrecker was called to tow the vehicle. No one was present at the scene who could have driven the vehicle back to defendant's house.
Prior to the arrival of the wrecker, Officer Brown searched the vehicle. This was pursuant to departmental policy that vehicles be searched prior to being towed. Officer Brown discovered two bags of marijuana in the unlocked glove compartment. Upon Brown's return to the patrol car, Sergeant Hawks asked her if she had checked underneath the dashboard. Brown replied that she had not.
Sergeant Hawks proceeded to make a second search of the vehicle. He checked under the front seat and looked up under the dashboard. He opened the two vent doors under the dash and looked inside the air vents. He also unlocked the trunk and checked inside it. Hawks discovered a loaded, .38-caliber revolver in the air vent on the passenger's side of the vehicle. Neither officer made a list of the items found in the vehicle.
Defendant claims that the inventory search of his automobile was unreasonable in scope and was merely a pretext for a prohibited search without a warrant. Therefore, he claims that the subsequent seizure of the gun was unreasonable and a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. Plaintiff argues that the seizure of defendant's automobile and the subsequent search of its interior properly falls within the inventory search exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment.
The validity of inventory searches of impounded vehicles was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in South Dakota v Opperman. In Opperman, the police found a bag of marijuana in an unlocked glove compartment during an inventory search of a car that had been impounded for multiple traffic violations. The Court held that the conduct of the police was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, stating that whether a search and seizure is unreasonable within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment depends upon the facts and circumstances of each case.
428 U.S. 364; 96 S Ct 3092; 49 L Ed 2d 1000 (1976). For Michigan cases which have followed Opperman, see, People v Long, 94 Mich. App. 338; 288 N.W.2d 629 (1979), People v Godwin, 94 Mich. App. 286; 288 N.W.2d 354 (1979), People v Boutell, 80 Mich. App. 216; 263 N.W.2d 36 (1977).
Id., 375-376.
The Court noted that in the case before them the inventory search was part of standard police procedure and that there was no suggestion that this procedure was a pretext concealing an investigatory motive. It further noted that the inventory search was not unreasonable in scope, since a car's glove compartment is a customary place for the temporary storage of valuables and since vandals would have had ready and unobstructed access to an unlocked glove compartment once inside the car.
In regards to the authority of police to impound vehicles, the Court stated:
"In the interests of public safety and as part of what the Court has called `community caretaking functions,' Cady v Dombrowski [ 413 U.S. 433, 441; 93 S Ct 2523; 37 L Ed 2d 706 (1973)], automobiles are frequently taken into police custody. Vehicle accidents present one such occasion. To permit the uninterrupted flow of traffic and in some circumstances to preserve evidence, disabled or damaged vehicles will often be removed from the highways or streets at the behest of police engaged solely in caretaking and traffic-control activities. Police will also frequently remove and impound automobiles which violate parking ordinances and which thereby jeopardize both the public safety and the efficient movement of vehicular traffic. The authority of police to seize and remove from the streets vehicles impeding traffic or threatening public safety and convenience is beyond challenge."
Id., 368-369.
The Court stated three reasons behind the practice of inventorying an impounded vehicle's contents: (1) the protection of the owner's property while it remains in police custody, (2) the protection of the police against claims or disputes over lost or stolen property, and (3) the protection of the police from potential danger.
Id.
In the instant case, defendant had been lawfully placed in custody after having been arrested for possession of open intoxicants in a motor vehicle. Since the other occupant of the vehicle was too young to drive legally, it was proper for the police to impound the car rather than leaving it parked on the road where it might obstruct traffic and jeopardize public safety. Under these circumstances, it was reasonable, pursuant to departmental policy, to conduct an inventory search of the vehicle prior to its being towed.
People v Edwards, 73 Mich. App. 579, 584; 252 N.W.2d 522 (1977).
We find, however, that the search conducted was unreasonable in scope. Air vents, unlike glove compartments, or trunks, are not customary places for the storage of valuables. Nor are they areas within plain view. We believe that the facts and circumstances in this case, particularly Sergeant Hawks' second thorough search which included the air vents and the area underneath the car's dashboard, indicate that the "inventory" search here went beyond a mere search for valuables prior to the impounding of the car. Rather, it appears to have been made solely to search for contraband and, thus, since no effort was made to obtain a warrant, was an impermissible search without a warrant.
Godwin, supra.
Long, supra.
People v Roberson, 80 Mich. App. 241, 243; 263 N.W.2d 42 (1977).
Plaintiff contends that even if the inventory search of the front air vent conducted by Sergeant Hawks was unreasonable in scope, the search of the vent and the subsequent seizure of the gun was nonetheless proper. Plaintiff claims that Sergeant Hawks had probable cause to believe that a crime was being committed in his presence and, therefore, could properly search the car after Officer Brown discovered marijuana in the glove compartment during her inventory search. We do not agree.
In Chambers v Maroney, the United States Supreme Court recognized that automobiles could be searched without a warrant in circumstances which would not justify the search without a warrant of a house or an office. The Court said:
399 U.S. 42; 90 S Ct 1975; 26 L Ed 2d 419 (1970).
"Neither [Carroll v United States, 267 U.S. 132; 45 S Ct 280; 69 L Ed 543 (1925)], nor other cases in this Court require or suggest that in every conceivable circumstance the search of an auto even with probable cause may be made without the extra protection for privacy that a warrant affords. But the circumstances that furnish probable cause to search a particular auto for particular articles are most often unforeseeable; moreover, the opportunity to search is fleeting since a car is readily movable. Where this is true, as in Carroll and the case before us now, if an effective search is to be made at any time, either the search must be made immediately without a warrant or the car itself must be seized and held without a warrant for whatever period is necessary to obtain a warrant for the search.
"In enforcing the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures, the Court has insisted upon probable cause as a minimum requirement for a reasonable search permitted by the Constitution. As a general rule, it has also required the judgment of a magistrate on the probable-cause issue and the issuance of a warrant before a search is made. Only in exigent circumstances will the judgment of the police as to probable cause serve as a sufficient authorization for a search. Carroll, supra, holds a search warrant unnecessary where there is probable cause to search an automobile stopped on the highway; the car is movable, the occupants are alerted, and the car's contents may never be found again if a warrant must be obtained. Hence, an immediate search is constitutionally permissible."
Id., 50-51.
The instant case did not involve "exigent circumstances" which would justify a search without a warrant. Here, unlike Chambers, the automobile was already in the process of being lawfully taken into police custody. Since the car and its occupants were already in police custody, the police could apply for a search warrant without any reasonable possibility that the car could be taken out of the jurisdiction or that contraband could be removed before a search could be conducted. Thus, it was not necessary here to make the choice which in Chambers constituted the basis for upholding the validity of the search. There was no danger here that the car would flee and no longer be available after obtaining of a search warrant if it proved obtainable.
Having decided that Sergeant Hawks' second "inventory" search of the automobile was unreasonable in scope, it is unnecessary for us to address defendant's two other allegations of error. The decision of the lower court is reversed, and defendant's conviction is vacated.
Reversed.
I must respectfully dissent. I have no quarrel with the statement of facts in my brothers' opinion. I do not, however, believe that the search of the vehicle itself or the scope of that search was unreasonable in any way whatsoever. I would affirm.
As my brothers point out, the validity of inventory searches of vehicles has been upheld repeatedly. This includes searches of glove compartments. See South Dakota v Opperman, 428 U.S. 364; 96 S Ct 3092; 49 L Ed 2d 1000 (1976). The test whether the search is unreasonable depends upon the facts and circumstances of each case.
In the case at bar, the car was stopped on the highway, and, as my brothers note, was a proper subject for an impoundment and for an inventory search.
Marijuana, a perishable substance, was found in the glove compartment. The possession of marijuana being illegal, it amounted to contraband. Given the plethora of cases that have appeared before this Court, it would appear that its members ought to take judicial notice that marijuana is frequently secreted in the more inaccessible parts of motor vehicles. Surely, all law enforcement personnel are aware of this fact.
The evidence shows at least two circumstances justifying the second search. The car was on a highway, was a danger to other traffic, and was already discovered to have contained contraband in one of its compartments, i.e., the glove compartment. See Chambers v Maroney, 399 U.S. 42; 90 S Ct 1975; 26 L Ed 2d 419 (1970). Moreover, there was a clear possibility that the occupants of the vehicle could have had unknown confederates who would return to remove the secreted contraband. Id. These exigent circumstances justified Sergeant Hawks' second search.
I would affirm.