Opinion
Crim. No. 982.
October 8, 1923.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County and from an order denying a new trial. S. M. Marsh, Judge. Affirmed.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Edward J. Kelly for Appellant.
U.S. Webb, Attorney-General, and Erwin W. Widney, Deputy Attorney-General, for Respondent.
This is an appeal from a judgment of conviction of the crime of bigamy, from an order denying defendant's motion for an arrest of judgment, and from an order denying his motion for a new trial. [1] The order denying the motion for an arrest of judgment is not appealable.
Appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying a motion made by him to set aside the information, the general point being that he was not legally committed by a magistrate. The motion was made upon two grounds, the first of which was that appellant's preliminary examination was not terminated as required by Penal Code, section 861, which reads: "The examination must be completed at one session, unless the magistrate, for good cause shown by affidavit, postpone it. The postponement cannot be for more than two days at each time, nor more than six days in all, unless by consent or on motion of the defendant."
These are the facts involved in appellant's contention: The preliminary hearing was postponed four times, each continuance being for a period of more than six days, the extreme limit fixed by section 861. The first continuance was granted upon the application of respondent and with the consent of appellant, while the record fails to show, as to the second and fourth, upon whose motion they were granted or whether appellant either consented or objected to them. The transcript shows what occurred at the time the third postponement was granted, after a certain "argument by counsel," the nature of which is not disclosed: "Mr. Andrews [deputy district attorney]: If he wants the case continued so as to —. Mr. Kelly [counsel for appellant]: I don't want the case continued. . . . I object to the defendant being brought in day after day, the case was set well in advance. . . . The Court: Mr. Andrews, I will continue the matter even over the defendant's objection, but I will do it only if you tell me that you think you can produce [certain missing evidence which the prosecution desired to offer]. . . . Mr. Andrews: I can do that but I ought to have considerable time though. . . . I should think we should have thirty days to be sure to get the [missing evidence]. . . . The Court: . . . The matter will be continued for thirty days then. . . . Mr. Kelly: I would ask to have it continued for sixty days, if your Honor please. The Court: Have you any objection to sixty days? Mr. Andrews: I don't think it makes any difference. The Court: It will be continued then until . . . Friday, the 13th of October, at 10 o'clock in the morning."
The only question which appellant can make as to these continuances hinges upon the third, and, in fact, it is as to that one alone that he actually urges his point. The first continuance was granted upon appellant's consent and was therefore allowed pursuant to the express terms of section 861. [2] As the record fails to show that appellant objected to the second and fourth continuances, it will be presumed that they also were consented to by him ( People v. Magee, 60 Cal.App. 459 [ 213 P. 513]). What, then, is the situation as to the third continuance? [3] Appellant did make objection to that one, but such an objection cannot avail a defendant upon his appeal from a judgment of conviction, as the granting of continuances in violation of the terms of section 861 does not affect the jurisdiction of the superior court to try one who has come to it under a commitment in due form following a preliminary examination which has proceeded to completion ( People v. Van Horn, 119 Cal. 323 [51 P. 538]; People v. Boren, 139 Cal. 210 [ 72 P. 899]). Under these cases a defendant who would profit by a violation of the provision of section 861 must seek by appropriate means to regain his liberty, if he be in fact under imprisonment, at the time the violation occurs; and it has been held in at least one instance that such a defendant will not even be released upon habeas corpus if his application for the writ comes after his preliminary examination has been concluded and he has been committed to answer before the superior court ( Ex parte Mazuran, 57 Cal.App. 411 [ 207 P. 509]).
[4] In view of some language in the opinion in People v. Van Horn, supra, it is pertinent to remark that we are not shown that appellant in the present case suffered any material prejudice because of his imprisonment after the third continuance was granted or because of his commitment upon the completion of the preliminary examination. Appellant consented to two continuances before and to one after the one to which he made objection. It is to be observed, also, that after he entered his unavailing objection to the third continuance he himself moved the court to extend the period of postponement for a period of thirty days beyond the time asked by the district attorney. On the whole, it is plain that appellant's point is not well taken.
Under his general claim that the trial court should have granted the motion to set aside the information, appellant's second point is that the pleading was not filed within the time prescribed by Penal Code, section 809. Appellant, looking to the delay incident to the completion of the preliminary examination, all owing to the granting of the continuances above mentioned, points to the fact that "four months and two days elapsed from the date of the original hearing" before the magistrate to the date of the filing of the information. He then insists that "the unconscionable continuances beyond the time allowed by the statute for completing the preliminary examination cannot give to the prosecution any additional advantages as to the time for filing the information." Section 809 does not fit itself to appellant's argument. The enactment provides that when a defendant has been examined and committed it shall be the duty of the district attorney, "within thirty days thereafter," to file an information against him. Although appellant bases his point on section 809, he makes no contention that the information here in question was not filed within thirty days after the completion of the preliminary examination or after the commitment. In fact, the point made is not really a point under section 809, but is merely a restatement in another form of the question of which we have made disposition above. The present "point" falls with what we have said in making that disposition.
Appellant's next point is that the trial court erred in receiving in evidence an attested copy of a certain judgment-roll in a cause tried in the territory of Hawaii. It appeared in evidence in the present action that the first marriage of appellant, the one which fastened a bigamous character upon the marriage which was the basis of the present prosecution, was contracted with a woman who had before been married to one Cavins. In order to prove that the woman's union with Cavins had been dissolved before the performance of the wedding ceremony between her and appellant, thus stamping that marriage as a legal one, the prosecution offered the Hawaiian judicial record, consisting of the proceedings in a divorce action which she had instituted against Cavins. The question now raised by appellant is that the attested judgment-roll thus offered was not properly authenticated, but that question we need not decide. Without objection the woman testified that she had procured a divorce from Cavins before the ceremony with appellant was performed, and that was the only evidence, aside from the Hawaiian judgment-roll, as to the status of the Cavins marriage. [5] The primary evidence as to the disposition of that marriage, of course, was the judgment-roll in the cause in which dissolution of it was wrought (22 C. J. 1007-1010), but the general treatment of the subject in the publication just cited will indicate that parol testimony upon such a subject is secondary evidence at least, as will also the opinions in Dahler v. All Persons, 163 Cal. 160 [ 124 P. 995], and Reynolds v. State, 58 Neb. 49 [78 N.W. 483]. [6] It is hardly necessary to cite authority for the statement that secondary evidence is admissible where the objection is not made that existing best evidence should be produced, although such authority may be located with ease. (See Estate of Bollinger, 170 Cal. 380 [ 149 P. 995].) [7] As the testimony of Mrs. Cavins that her marriage with Cavins had been dissolved by divorce decree was the only evidence bearing upon the subject to which it related, the question whether the Hawaiian judgment-roll was improperly admitted becomes an immaterial one.
Appellant contends that the trial court erred in giving the following instruction: "Some testimony, a great deal of testimony, has been received in this case, which in my judgment is not material to the issue. A great deal of testimony was received as to whether the defendant and Madeline Stuckrath cohabited prior to the time of the alleged marriage. It makes no difference whether they did or not. It makes no difference whether Madeline Stuckrath or Arthur C. Stuckrath were moral or immoral men or women. This question does not enter into it at all, the morality or immorality of either of the parties to this action and it makes no difference whatever in the case. There was either a marriage or not and the morality or the immorality, whether they cohabited or did not cohabit does not and should not enter into the case in arriving at your verdict." The Madeline Stuckrath mentioned in this instruction is the woman who had been the wife of Cavins. The question made by appellant concerning the instruction arises in this manner: The prosecution introduced in evidence several letters written by appellant to Madeline, in which he addressed her as his wife or referred to himself as her husband. This was a part of the evidence designed to show that there had been a marriage between appellant and Madeline. Appellant insists that the evidence referred to in the trial court's instruction was proper for the consideration of the jury as tending to rebut the showing made by the letters. He says that, if believing that a meretricious relation had existed between Madeline and appellant, the jury might justly assume that the latter addressed the former as his wife and referred to himself as her husband only because of that relation and not because they were married. Appellant contends that the instruction took this question from the jury. We do not find it necessary to consider the particular question presented, in view of the provisions of section 4 1/2 of article VI of the constitution, to the effect that no error in procedure shall cause the granting of a new trial in an action "unless after an examination of the entire cause, including the evidence, the court shall be of the opinion that the error complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of justice." [8] We have examined this entire cause, including the evidence. If it be conceded, which we do not decide, that the instruction now before us was erroneously given, we are clearly of the opinion that the error did not result in a miscarriage of justice. No one could read the evidence without being positively convinced that there was a marriage between Madeline and appellant.
Other points are made by appellant but they are all disposed of by views which we have expressed above.
The appeal from the order denying motion for an arrest of judgment is dismissed. Order denying motion for a new trial affirmed. Judgment affirmed.
Finlayson, P. J., and Craig, J., concurred.