Opinion
2015-07-23
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Jahteek STANFORD, Appellant.
Matthew C. Hug, Troy, for appellant, and appellant pro se. P. David Soares, District Attorney, Albany (Brittany L. Grome of counsel), for respondent.
Matthew C. Hug, Troy, for appellant, and appellant pro se. P. David Soares, District Attorney, Albany (Brittany L. Grome of counsel), for respondent.
Before: GARRY, J.P., ROSE, DEVINE and CLARK, JJ.
DEVINE, J.
Appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court (Breslin, J.), rendered October 18, 2012 in Albany County, upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crimes of murder in the second degree, attempted murder in the second degree and assault in the first degree.
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of murder in the second degree, attempted murder in the second degree and assault in the first degree. The charges stemmed from a February 2011 incident at a social club in the City of Albany during which one victim was fatally stabbed in the neck and a second was stabbed in the head. Defendant was sentenced to 25 years to life in prison as to the murder in the second degree conviction, and to prison terms of 25 years, followed by five years of postrelease supervision, as to each conviction of attempted murder in the second degree and assault in the first degree. Supreme Court directed that the sentences as to the convictions for murder in the second degree and attempted murder in the second degree run consecutively, and that the sentence as to the conviction for assault in the first degree run concurrently with the two other sentences. Defendant now appeals.
We affirm. Defendant argues that the jury's verdict was not supported by legally sufficient evidence and was against the weight of the evidence. Turning first to the conviction of murder in the second degree, a defendant is guilty of this crime when, as is relevant here, he or she causes the death of a person after having acted with intent to cause that person's death ( seePenal Law § 125.25[1] ). According to the testimony at trial, the stabbings occurred during a birthday party in honor of a female member of the club. Defendant went to the club that night with several individuals who had not been invited to the birthday party, but nonetheless gained admittance. At some point during the evening, a verbal dispute occurred between members of defendant's group and several of the invited guests, among them Robert Smalls. At least one witness indicated that defendant and Smalls were the primary antagonists during this heated verbal exchange, and that the two had to be separated before a physical fight began. While this proof of a potential motive does not establish an element of the crime, it “cannot be ignored in examining the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution” (People v. Marin, 65 N.Y.2d 741, 745, 492 N.Y.S.2d 16, 481 N.E.2d 556 [1985]; see People v. Cushner, 46 A.D.3d 1121, 1124, 847 N.Y.S.2d 723 [2007], lv. denied10 N.Y.3d 809, 857 N.Y.S.2d 43, 886 N.E.2d 808 [2008] ).
Surveillance footage of the subsequent physical fight reveals that one of defendant's associates was surrounded by hostile partygoers, including Smalls, when it began. Defendant did not have a weapon when he first arrived at the club but, as the melee broke out, he can be seen exiting the club, reentering, and walking toward his compatriot in what he admitted was an attempt to help. By that point in time, the compatriot had separated himself from the large group and retreated to the foyer of the club, where he was followed by Smalls. Defendant then came up behind Smalls, who turned around and faced defendant. While the surveillance footage did not directly capture any blows being exchanged, Smalls quickly backed away from the foyer and was soon seen clutching his neck with his left hand. Defendant can thereafter be seen moving in the direction of the second victim, Ahmeen Lanier, and stabbing him in the head with a vicious overhand motion. There is no question that the stabbings left Smalls dead and Lanier severely injured.
Viewing the foregoing evidence in the light most favorable to the People, and noting that “the intent to kill may be inferred from the surrounding circumstances and a defendant's actions,” we find that the evidence was legally sufficient to support the second-degree murder conviction (People v. Hamilton, 127 A.D.3d 1243, 1245, 6 N.Y.S.3d 707 [2015], lvs. denied25 N.Y.3d 1164, ––– N.Y.S.3d ––––, ––– N.E.3d –––– [June 30, 2015] ). The attempted murder and assault convictions are similarly supported by legally sufficient evidence, notably, the videographic evidence showing defendant rising to his feet, walking several yards and deliberately stabbing Lanier in the head ( see People v. Salce, 124 A.D.3d 923, 924–925, 1 N.Y.S.3d 417 [2015] ). Defendant contended that he did not stab Smalls, and advanced a justification defense with regard to his stabbing of Lanier. The jury was free to credit the above evidence despite the presence of proof that could support a different result and, upon our independent review of the evidence, we cannot say that its verdict is against the weight of the evidence ( see People v. Vanderhorst, 117 A.D.3d 1197, 1198–1200, 984 N.Y.S.2d 688 [2014], lv. denied24 N.Y.3d 1089, 1 N.Y.S.3d 16, 25 N.E.3d 353 [2014]; People v. Fisher, 89 A.D.3d 1135, 1138, 932 N.Y.S.2d 218 [2011], lv. denied18 N.Y.3d 883, 939 N.Y.S.2d 752, 963 N.E.2d 129 [2012] ).
We reject defendant's claim that Supreme Court committed reversible error in denying his challenge for cause as to a prospective juror who had prior dealings with one of the People's witnesses. A challenge for cause as to a prospective juror is properly raised if he or she has a “relationship [with a potential witness] of such [a] nature that it is likely to preclude him [or her] from rendering an impartial verdict” (CPL 270.20 [1] [c] ). The existence of such an implied bias requires automatic exclusion even if, as here, “the prospective juror declares that the relationship will not affect [his or] her ability to be fair and impartial” (People v. Furey, 18 N.Y.3d 284, 287, 938 N.Y.S.2d 277, 961 N.E.2d 668 [2011]; see People v. Branch, 46 N.Y.2d 645, 651, 415 N.Y.S.2d 985, 389 N.E.2d 467 [1979] ). “In determining whether a relationship is so close as to require disqualification, a court should consider factors ‘such as the frequency, recency or currency of the contact, whether it was direct contact, ... [and] the nature of the relationship as personal and/or professional’ ” (People v. Hamilton, 127 A.D.3d at 1246–1247, 6 N.Y.S.3d 707, quoting People v. Greenfield, 112 A.D.3d 1226, 1228–1229, 977 N.Y.S.2d 486 [2013], lv. denied23 N.Y.3d 1037, 993 N.Y.S.2d 250, 17 N.E.3d 505 [2014]; see People v. Furey, 18 N.Y.3d at 287, 938 N.Y.S.2d 277, 961 N.E.2d 668). Here, the prospective juror stated that she knew Michael Dailey, a physician who provided peripheral testimony at trial regarding the abortive efforts to treat Smalls after the fatal attack, as her husband had been treated by Dailey and she had previously cared for certain of his patients in her role as a nursing aide. Under these circumstances, and stressing that the prospective juror unequivocally stated that she could be fair and impartial in assessing Dailey's testimony, we do not find that her preexisting ties to Dailey rendered her unqualified to serve ( see People v. Molano, 70 A.D.3d 1172, 1174, 894 N.Y.S.2d 589 [2010], lv. denied15 N.Y.3d 776, 907 N.Y.S.2d 464, 933 N.E.2d 1057 [2010]; see also People v. Clark, 132 A.D.2d 704, 705, 518 N.Y.S.2d 183 [1987] ).
Defendant's various claims of prosecutorial misconduct during the People's summation were not properly preserved for appellate review by specific objections at trial ( see People v. Simmons, 111 A.D.3d 975, 980, 974 N.Y.S.2d 185 [2013], lv. denied22 N.Y.3d 1203, 986 N.Y.S.2d 423, 9 N.E.3d 918 [2014] ). We decline to, as defendant urges, take corrective action in the interest of justice. Insofar as defendant argues that the prosecutor improperly mocked defendant's account of having discovered the knife on the floor after Smalls was stabbed, we find that the prosecutor's remarks in this regard “constituted fair comment on” a central issue in the case (People v. Fomby, 101 A.D.3d 1355, 1357, 959 N.Y.S.2d 553 [2012] ). Moreover, although the prosecutor did engage in rhetoric concerning the credibility of a witness whose testimony as to the physical interactions between Smalls and defendant was contradicted by the surveillance footage, the prosecutor neither provided his own personal opinion of this witness' truthfulness ( compare People v. Forbes, 111 A.D.3d 1154, 1158, 975 N.Y.S.2d 490 [2013] ) nor demanded that the jurors deem this witness credible in light of her cooperation with the People in prosecuting defendant ( compare People v. Casanova, 119 A.D.3d 976, 978–979, 988 N.Y.S.2d 713 [2014] ).
We reject defendant's claim that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his trial attorney failed to object to the purportedly improper remarks made by the prosecutor during summation; for the reasons set forth above, those comments were not improper. Accordingly, the failure of defense counsel “to object [to those remarks] did not amount to the ineffective assistance of counsel” (People v. Thomas, 105 A.D.3d 1068, 1071–1072, 962 N.Y.S.2d 756 [2013], lv. denied21 N.Y.3d 1010, 971 N.Y.S.2d 262, 993 N.E.2d 1286 [2013] ). Defendant argues in his pro se brief that his trial counsel should not have advised him to take the stand and testify consistently with the theory that the stabbing of Lanier was justified. Given the strength of the evidence supporting the conclusion that defendant stabbed Lanier while Lanier was in a defenseless position, we cannot say that counsel would have lacked a legitimate strategic reason for advising defendant to testify in accordance with a justification theory ( see People v. McCray, 102 A.D.3d 1000, 1008–1009, 958 N.Y.S.2d 511 [2013], affd. 23 N.Y.3d 193, 989 N.Y.S.2d 649, 12 N.E.3d 1079 [2014] ).
Finally, we do not agree that the sentence imposed by Supreme Court was either harsh or excessive. Given the brutal nature of defendant's acts and his refusal to accept responsibility for them, we perceive no abuse of discretion or extraordinary circumstances that would warrant a modification of the sentence ( see People v. Thomas, 105 A.D.3d at 1072, 962 N.Y.S.2d 756; People v. Snyder, 91 A.D.3d 1206, 1215, 937 N.Y.S.2d 429 [2012], lv. denied19 N.Y.3d 968, 950 N.Y.S.2d 120, 973 N.E.2d 218 [2012], cert. denied –––U.S. ––––, 133 S.Ct. 791, 184 L.Ed.2d 585 [2012] ).
ORDERED that the judgment is affirmed. GARRY, J.P., ROSE and CLARK, JJ., concur.