Opinion
Docket No. 94239.
Decided July 6, 1988.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, George B. Mullison, Prosecuting Attorney, and Martha G. Mettee, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by Susan M. Mein-berg), for defendant on appeal.
Defendant pled guilty in Bay Circuit Court to violation of probation and unlawfully driving away an automobile, MCL 750.413; MSA 28.645. On April 7, 1986, he was sentenced to forty to sixty months imprisonment for each offense, with the sentences to run concurrently. Defendant appeals as of right from his sentences, requesting this Court to remand his case to the circuit court for a hearing and resentencing in accordance with United States v Tucker, 404 U.S. 443; 92 S Ct 589; 30 L Ed 2d 592 (1972), and People v Moore, 391 Mich. 426; 216 N.W.2d 770 (1974). Defendant asserts that he is entitled to a Tucker hearing because the sentencing judge imposed the sentences in reliance on a prior juvenile delinquency adjudication in which defendant had not been represented by counsel. We disagree and affirm defendant's convictions and sentences.
In People v Watroba, 89 Mich. App. 718, 723; 282 N.W.2d 196 (1979), this Court stated the threshold prerequisites which must be met by a defendant seeking a Tucker hearing, namely, prima facie proof (1) that his prior conviction was constitutionally infirm, and (2) that such conviction was considered by the court in imposing sentence. Having made the threshold showing, however, defendant is not automatically entitled to a Tucker hearing. A Tucker hearing is mandated only where it appears from the totality of the circumstances that defendant's sentence might have differed had the sentencing judge known of the infirmity of the prior conviction.
Under the rule of Tucker and Moore, a criminal conviction obtained in violation of a defendant's right to counsel cannot be used to enhance a sentence. Other panels of this Court have noted that there is no such thing as a "juvenile conviction." People v Covington, 144 Mich. App. 652; 376 N.W.2d 178 (1985), remanded 425 Mich. 853 (1986), lv den 426 Mich. 866 (1986), citing Kent v United States, 383 U.S. 541, 556; 86 S Ct 1045; 16 L Ed 2d 84 (1966); People v Daniels, 149 Mich. App. 602; 386 N.W.2d 609 (1986). Accordingly, these other panels have concluded that the rule of Tucker and Moore is not applicable to constitutionally infirm juvenile delinquency adjudications used to enhance an adult criminal sentence, even where the delinquency adjudication was violative of defendant's right to counsel. Covington and Daniels. Defendant cites our Supreme Court's remand of Covington, 425 Mich. 853 (1986), for the converse proposition, i.e., that Tucker and Moore are applicable to delinquency adjudications. Daniels expressly relies on Covington.
The term "deliquent" or "delinquency" is not found in the juvenile code, MCL 712A.1 et seq.; MSA 27.3178(598.1) et seq. Rather, the code speaks of the juvenile court's having "jurisdiction" over a child who is found to have committed certain acts, including those acts that would be crimes if committed by an adult. An adjudication that a child is within the court's jurisdiction by reason of having committed these acts is commonly called an adjudication of delinquency.
In our view, the continued viability of this Court's opinions in Covington and Daniels are suspect in view of the Supreme Court's remand in Covington, albeit an unexplained remand. Beyond that, given the continued viability of Tucker and Moore as our premise, we disagree with the rule as stated by the Covington and Daniels panels. As to the argument that delinquency adjudications are not "criminal convictions," the United States Supreme Court in In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 49-50; 87 S Ct 1428; 18 L Ed 2d 527 (1967), stated:
Against the application to juveniles of the right to silence, it is argued that juvenile proceedings are "civil" and not "criminal," and therefore the privilege should not apply. . . . However, it is also clear that the availability of the privilege does not turn upon the type of proceeding in which its protection is invoked, but upon the nature of the statement or admission and the exposure which it invites. . . .
It would be entirely unrealistic to carve out of the Fifth Amendment all statements by juveniles on the ground that these cannot lead to "criminal" involvement. In the first place, juvenile proceedings to determine "delinquency," which may lead to commitment to a state institution, must be regarded as "criminal" for purposes of the privilege against self-incrimination. To hold otherwise would be to disregard substance because of the feeble enticement of the "civil" label-of-convenience which has been attached to juvenile proceedings.
The Court affirmed this same line of reasoning in a delinquency case involving double jeopardy. Speaking for the Court in Breed v Jones, 421 U.S. 519, 529; 95 S Ct 1779; 44 L Ed 2d 346 (1975), Chief Justice Burger said:
We believe it is simply too late in the day to conclude, as did the District Court in this case, that a juvenile is not put in jeopardy at a proceeding whose object is to determine whether he has committed acts that violate a criminal law and whose potential consequences include both the stigma inherent in such a determination and the deprivation of liberty for many years. For it is clear under our cases that determining the relevance of constitutional policies, like determining the applicability of constitutional rights, in juvenile proceedings, requires that courts eschew "the `civil' label-of-convenience which has been attached to juvenile proceedings."
We cannot agree with the underpinnings of the panels' decisions in Covington and Daniels, resting as they do on the "`civil' label-of-convenience." We conclude, contrary to those decisions, that a constitutionally infirm juvenile delinquency adjudication obtained in violation of the juvenile's right to counsel cannot be used to enhance a criminal sentence. See also Batzer, Direct Appeals from Michigan Juvenile Court Delinquency Adjudications and Dispositions: A Note on the Non-Cases, 24 Wayne L Rev 1239 (1978).
In this case, defendant presents a letter from the Genesee County Probate Court as prima facie proof that he was not represented by counsel at a December 31, 1982, juvenile delinquency adjudication regarding unlawful use of an automobile. Defendant also refers this Court to a comment by the sentencing judge that defendant had a "terrible" juvenile record, which included five breaking and entering adjudications and six adjudications involving stolen automobiles.
Our review of the record satisfies us that, had the sentencing court been aware that defendant was without counsel in a 1982 juvenile delinquency adjudication and had it further been aware that the adjudication without the benefit of counsel could not be used to enhance defendant's sentences, the sentences would not have been different. First, the 1982 adjudication is but one of eleven encompassed in the sentencing judge's comment that defendant's juvenile record was "terrible." Moreover, the record shows that the sentencing judge's primary concern was to protect society from a defendant who had not been deterred by his conviction and sentence for a similar crime only one month prior to the instant offense. It was the fact that defendant had a number of juvenile adjudications, of which there remains more than an ample supply even after the challenged adjudication is factored out, that the sentencing court also considered. We see no need, if we may borrow Justice Blackmun's metaphor from his Tucker dissent, to engage the trial court in the futile exercise of marching up the sentencing hill again, only to hand out the same sentence and march back down again.
We do not wish to imply that all delinquency adjudications obtained without the benefit of counsel are constitutionally infirm. There could have been, for example, a proper waiver of the right to counsel.
Affirmed.
I concur in the majority's holding that defendant is not entitled to resentencing. However, I am not convinced that our Supreme Court's treatment of People v Covington, 144 Mich. App. 652; 376 N.W.2d 178 (1985), is an indication that Covington should no longer be followed.