Opinion
Docket No. 78942.
Decided July 1, 1985. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, George B. Mullison, Prosecuting Attorney, and Thomas J. Rasdale, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by Mardi Crawford), for defendant on appeal.
After a nonjury trial, defendant was convicted of delivery of the controlled substance marijuana, MCL 333.7401(2)(c); MSA 14.15(7401)(2)(c). Defendant subsequently pled guilty as a third-time felony offender, MCL 769.11; MSA 28.1083. Defendant was sentenced to imprisonment for 18 months to 6 years, and he appeals as of right.
Defendant argues that he was entrapped. A claim of entrapment is resolved at a separate evidentiary hearing at which defendant bears the burden of proving entrapment by a preponderance of the evidence. The trial judge's decision is subject to appellate review under the "clearly erroneous" standard. People v D'Angelo, 401 Mich. 167; 257 N.W.2d 655 (1977). As a matter of state constitutional law, Michigan follows the objective test of entrapment stated in the dissenting opinion of Justice Stewart in United States v Russell, 411 U.S. 423, 445; 93 S Ct 1637; 36 L Ed 2d 366 (1973):
"[G]overnment agents may engage in conduct that is likely, when objectively considered, to afford a person ready and willing to commit the crime an opportunity to do so.
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"But when the agents' involvement in criminal activities goes beyond the mere offering of such an opportunity, and when their conduct is of a kind that could induce or instigate the commission of a crime by one not ready and willing to commit it, then — regardless of the character or propensitites of the particular person induced — I think entrapment has occurred. For in that situation, the Government has engaged in the impermissible manufacturing of crime, and the federal courts should bar the prosecution in order to preserve the institutional integrity of the system of federal criminal justice." (Citations omitted.)
See People v Turner, 390 Mich. 7, 21; 210 N.W.2d 336 (1973), and People v D'Angelo, supra, 401 Mich. 172-173, fn 4. The purpose of the defense of entrapment is to deter reprehensible actions by the police or their agents. See People v Turner, supra, 390 Mich. 22. The defendant's guilt or innocence is irrelevant to whether the defense of entrapment is available. People v D'Angelo, supra, 401 Mich. 179.
In People v Stanley, 68 Mich. App. 559, 564; 243 N.W.2d 684 (1976), the Court explained:
"We attach no importance to the fact that defendant alleges that an informant, and not a police officer, was the source of the heroin he sold. The government, after utilizing an informant, cannot disown his actions. Sherman v United States, 356 U.S. 369, 373-374; 78 S Ct 819; 2 L Ed 2d 848 (1958). Even if police officers working with an informant claim ignorance of the fact that the informant was the supplier of contraband, entrapment is still available as a defense, United States v. Gomez-Rojas [507 F.2d 161 (CA 5, 1975)], `When persons who are not law-enforcement officials act with official encouragement or assistance, they should be treated as government agents for purposes of the entrapment defense. Otherwise, its protection could be avoided by indirection.' Note, 73 Harv L Rev 1333, 1341 (1960)."
See also People v Wisneski, 96 Mich. App. 299, 304; 292 N.W.2d 196 (1980).
Here, however, defendant relies on actions by a would-be police informant named Timothy Roberts. Roberts needed money to prevent foreclosure of his home and to buy Christmas presents for his family. Roberts was acquainted with a person who regularly received money from the police for information about drug deals. Roberts decided that he wanted to be a police informant too, and at his request, his acquaintance approached the officer with whom she worked, only to be told that the officer did not need another informant. Nevertheless, Roberts arranged a future purchase of marijuana from defendant, while his acquaintance approached another officer. In arranging the purchase, Roberts employed tactics which arguably would support a finding of entrapment if employed by the police or their agents.
The second approach by the acquaintance of Roberts resulted in a meeting with police officers at which it was agreed that Roberts would become a paid informant. The next day, Roberts and an undercover officer purchased marijuana from defendant in accordance with the arrangements Roberts had previously made, and the charge at issue here resulted. Nothing done directly by the police, or by Roberts after he became a police informant, supports a finding of entrapment. Nothing here suggests that the police were aware of the tactics Roberts employed to arrange this purchase or were attempting to evade by indirection a possible entrapment defense.
Defendant would have us extend the objective test of entrapment and the rule stated in Stanley to make the police responsible for all actions taken by a person who subsequently becomes a police informant. The police, however, had no means of controlling Roberts before they employed him. The purpose of the defense of entrapment is to deter reprehensible actions by the police or their agents, but actions taken by the police or their agents are not at issue here. We cannot see how allowing a defense of entrapment to be based on actions of someone whom the police could not control could have any deterrent effect.
Roberts committed a crime when, before he became a police agent, he made arrangements to purchase marijuana. The rule for which defendant argues would severely limit the ability of the police to utilize defectors from criminal enterprises. Defendant argues that the police instigated the actions of Roberts by their policy of paying informants, but we are not prepared to extend the defense of entrapment to bar use of hired informants. Compare People v Alford, 405 Mich. 570, 590; 275 N.W.2d 484 (1979).
On this record, the trial court's finding that defendant was not entrapped was not clearly erroneous.
Affirmed.