Opinion
November 10, 1986
Appeal from the Chautauqua County Court, Adams, J.
Present — Callahan, J.P., Doerr, Boomer, Lawton and Schnepp, JJ.
Judgment affirmed. Memorandum: On appeal from a judgment convicting him of manslaughter in the first degree for the stabbing death of Darryl Taylor, defendant primarily contends that the charge of the court to the jury was erroneous and prejudicial and denied him a fair trial. We disagree.
While it clearly appears that the trial court erred in using the phrase "reasonable degree of certainty" in explaining the concept of proof beyond a reasonable doubt (see, People v La Rosa, 112 A.D.2d 954; People v Morris, 100 A.D.2d 600), the absence of any objection by the defendant constituted a failure to preserve this issue for our review as a matter of law (CPL 470.05). The error is not one which expressly shifts any burden of proof to the defendant and is subject to the requirement of preservation for appellate review (see, People v Thomas, 50 N.Y.2d 467; see also, People v Ahmed, 66 N.Y.2d 307, 310). A reading of the entire charge convinces us that the concept of reasonable doubt was otherwise properly explained to the jury (see, People v Blackshear, 112 A.D.2d 1044; People v Fisher, 112 A.D.2d 378; People v Dee, 106 A.D.2d 582; People v Griffin, 100 A.D.2d 659). As the evidence of defendant's guilt was strong, and the charge, when viewed as a whole, conveyed the proper standard to the jury, the error does not warrant reversal in the interest of justice (CPL 470.15 [a]; see, People v Fisher, supra; People v Dee, supra).
We have considered defendant's remaining contentions and find them to be without merit.
All concur, except Lawton J., who dissents and votes to reverse and grant a new trial, in the following memorandum.
I respectfully dissent. The trial court's utilization of the phrase "reasonable degree of certainty" in defining "reasonable doubt" is improper as it establishes a lesser standard of proof required for conviction (see, People v La Rosa, 112 A.D.2d 954; People v Morris, 100 A.D.2d 600, 601; People v Forest, 50 A.D.2d 260, 262). Compounding this error the trial court after enunciating the lesser "reasonable certainty" standard stated that if the People fail to meet this burden "then the defendant is entitled to the benefit of the reasonable doubt and to acquittal." Implicit in this is the charge that the jury must convict if the prosecutor proves defendant guilty beyond a reasonable certainty. Such an erosion of the constitutional reasonable doubt standard should not be sanctioned (see, People v Cotto, 28 A.D.2d 1116, 1117).
Further aggravating this error, the trial court in discussing reasonable doubt erroneously charged the jury that each juror had to come up with substantial reasons for his or her doubt and be able to explain it to the other jurors. Such a charge further diminishes the reasonable doubt standard (see, People v La Rosa, supra; People v Balian, 49 A.D.2d 94). The combination of these errors, though not excepted to by defendant, mandates that defendant be granted a new trial in the interests of justice (see, People v Lanni, 73 A.D.2d 538).