Opinion
06-09-2015
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Ricky A. LYNCH, Appellant.
Robert C. Mitchell, Legal Aid Society, Riverhead (Edward Smith and Louis E. Mazzola of counsel), for appellant. Thomas J. Spota, District Attorney, Riverhead (Ronnie Jane Lamm of counsel), for respondent.
Robert C. Mitchell, Legal Aid Society, Riverhead (Edward Smith and Louis E. Mazzola of counsel), for appellant.
Thomas J. Spota, District Attorney, Riverhead (Ronnie Jane Lamm of counsel), for respondent.
OPINION OF THE COURT
Chief Judge LIPPMAN.
In this appeal, we determine whether defendant's second prosecution in New York was based on the same criminal transaction as a previous prosecution, and thus barred by New York's statutory double jeopardy protections. We hold that these prosecutions involved different criminal transactions.On June 15, 2009, defendant used false information when filling out an application (an MV–44 form) for a non-driver identification card, a form he submitted to the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in Suffolk County. On the application, defendant represented himself to be Ricky Lynch, Jr., defendant's son, using his son's name, date of birth, and Social Security number.
In November 2009, while driving in Westchester County, defendant made an illegal U-turn for which he was stopped by the police. When asked for identification, defendant produced the non-driver ID card he had obtained in June 2009. During an inventory of the car after defendant was arrested for driving with a suspended license, the officer found two other fake or forged identification cards on the floor behind the passenger's seat. Defendant was charged with criminal possession of a forged instrument in the second degree, aggravated unlicensed operation of a motor vehicle in the second degree, and false personation. He pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of criminal possession of a forged instrument in the third degree in satisfaction of the indictment.
Defendant's son, Ricky Lynch, Jr., returned to New York in November 2008
after living with his mother in Arizona for four years. When he attempted to obtain a new driver's license at the DMV in February 2010, he was told he had unpaid tickets and that his license was suspended. After reviewing its records, the DMV found that defendant had used his son's identifying information to apply for an ID card. Defendant's son identified his father's photograph on licenses ostensibly issued to Ricky Lynch, Jr.
In August 2010, a Suffolk County grand jury charged defendant with criminal possession of a forged instrument in the second degree, alleging that on June 15, 2009, he possessed a forged instrument (the MV–44 form); forgery in the second degree, alleging that on June 15, 2009, with intent to defraud his son, he falsely made and completed the form; identity theft in the first degree, alleging that on the same date, he assumed the identity of his son; and offering a false instrument for filing in the first degree, alleging that on the same date, he presented the said form.
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of all charges in the indictment. At sentencing, the court dismissed the conviction of forgery in the second degree on the ground that one cannot be convicted of both criminal possession of a forged instrument and forgery of the same written instrument.
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Defendant moved to dismiss the Suffolk County charges on statutory double jeopardy grounds under Criminal Procedure Law § 40.20. The court denied the motion, reasoning that “defendant is not charged in Suffolk County with possession of the identity card and thus the ‘res' of the crime is a completely different instrument” and “[a]lthough related, the alleged crimes in Suffolk were complete with the defendant filing his application.” “That the defendant possessed the fruits of that crime is a separate and distinct act which is not subject to a defense of double jeopardy.”
The Appellate Division affirmed, holding that there was no statutory double jeopardy violation because the “crimes for which the defendant was prosecuted in Suffolk County were not based upon the same criminal transaction as the crime for which he was prosecuted in Westchester County” (116 A.D.3d 979, 979, 983 N.Y.S.2d 838 [2d Dept.2014] ). “The Westchester County prosecution involved a separate offense, which arose out of the defendant's possession of a different forged instrument than the one at issue in the Suffolk County prosecution” (id. at 980, 983 N.Y.S.2d 838 ).
Under CPL 40.20(2), a subsequent prosecution for offenses involving the “same ... criminal transaction,” as defined by CPL 40.10(2), violates the statutory bar against double jeopardy unless an exception applies.
“ ‘Criminal transaction’ means conduct which establishes at least one offense, and which is comprised of two or more or a group of acts either (a) so closely related and connected in point of time and circumstance of commission as to constitute a single criminal incident, or (b) so closely related in criminal purpose or objective as to constitute elements or integral parts of a single criminal venture” (CPL 40.10[2] ).
The definition contains two alternative tests to determine whether two offenses are part of the same criminal transaction. Paragraph (a) “involves consideration of the nature, timing and circumstances of the offenses” so that, for example, where a seller of pornographic materials sold two pornographic items at the same time to a single purchaser, the acts constituted the same criminal transaction (New York Pretrial Criminal Procedure § 2:6 [2d ed. 7 West's N.Y. Prac. Series], citing People v.
North St. Book Shoppe, 139 A.D.2d 118, 530 N.Y.S.2d 869 [3d Dept.1988] ). In contrast, a court identified two separate criminal transactions where defendants used stolen credit cards to purchase merchandise, for which they were convicted of criminal possession of stolen property and forged instruments in New York State, and three months later bought different stolen credit cards, for which they were convicted in federal court of conspiracy to purchase stolen credit cards (see People v. Vesprey, 183 A.D.2d 212, 590 N.Y.S.2d 91 [1st Dept.1992], lv. denied 81 N.Y.2d 894, 597 N.Y.S.2d 956, 613 N.E.2d 988 [1993] ). Different criminal transactions have also been recognized for separate sales of drugs to the same person at the same place, separated by 48 hours (see People v. Robinson, 65 A.D.2d 896, 410 N.Y.S.2d 409 [3d Dept.1978] ).
In People v. Dallas, 46 A.D.3d 489, 848 N.Y.S.2d 132 (1st Dept.2007), defendant's prosecution in New York County for possession of 12 counterfeit documents and prior prosecution in Kings County for the sale of different false identification documents “of the same nature,” did not violate the statutory protections against double jeopardy because the offenses “were not so closely related as to constitute a single criminal transaction” (id. at 490, 848 N.Y.S.2d 132 [internal quotation marks omitted] ). “The fact that defendant was in the business of selling counterfeit identifications, and that his conduct in both counties may have been admissible in both prosecutions ... did not make his possession of different documents at different times a single criminal transaction” (id. ).
Paragraph (b) of the CPL 40.10(2) definition “tends to be more applicable to crimes that involve planned, ongoing organized criminal activity, such as conspiracies, complex frauds or larcenies, or narcotics rings” (New York Pretrial Criminal Procedure § 2:6 [2d ed. 7 West's N.Y. Prac. Series] ). This Court has recognized violations of statutory double jeopardy protections in drug trafficking cases where the “embracive nature of the crime of conspiracy” presents unique circumstances (People v. Abbamonte, 43 N.Y.2d 74, 85, 400 N.Y.S.2d 766, 371 N.E.2d 485 [1977] ; see Matter of Abraham v. Justices of N.Y. Supreme Ct. of Bronx County, 37 N.Y.2d 560, 376 N.Y.S.2d 79, 338 N.E.2d 597 [1975] [concluding that successive prosecutions in state and federal court for drug trafficking of the same drugs constituted the same criminal transaction and violated statutory double jeopardy protections] ). In Abraham, this Court observed that each defendant in the drug trafficking conspiracy “played a well defined role in a highly structured, disciplined and vertically integrated criminal enterprise,” and “the part with which each was immediately concerned ... was dependent upon the success of the whole” (id. at 566–567, 376 N.Y.S.2d 79, 338 N.E.2d 597 [citation, brackets and internal quotation marks omitted] ). The Court concluded that the “acts and conduct constituted ‘integral parts of a single criminal venture’ and, thus, a single ‘criminal transaction’ within the meaning of CPL 40.20 ” (id. at 567, 376 N.Y.S.2d 79, 338 N.E.2d 597 ).
Here, under the test presented by CPL 40.10(2)(a), the offense of submitting a forged MV–44 form and the offense of presenting a forged non-driver ID to the police were many months apart and, as in People v. Dallas, involved different forged instruments—the non-driver's license and the MV–44 application form—making them different criminal transactions. The Suffolk County charge was based on defendant's completion and filing of the application form. The offense was complete once defendant submitted the forged application to the DMV in June 2009. The Westchester offense occurred almost five months
later and was based on defendant's presentation of the forged non-driver's license to the officer. With the non-driver ID card in hand, defendant could give the appearance of a clean record, which would enable him to evade his criminal history and obtain a loan or employment under a false identity. Applying the alternative test defined by CPL 40.10(2)(b), this case does not involve the integrated, interdependent acts as seen in conspiracy cases or complex frauds, and as such does not constitute a “single criminal venture” (see 37 N.Y.2d at 567, 376 N.Y.S.2d 79, 338 N.E.2d 597 ).
A closer case might be presented had defendant applied for a driver's license in Suffolk County with his son's papers and showed the temporary driver's license later that same day when his car was stopped by police. In such circumstances, the timing and criminal purpose of the two acts would be more interrelated than the circumstances presented here.
As the successive prosecutions here involved two different criminal transactions, we need not reach defendant's remaining contentions.
Accordingly, the Appellate Division order should be affirmed.
Judges READ, PIGOTT, RIVERA, ABDUS–SALAAM, STEIN and FAHEY concur.
Order affirmed.