Opinion
Docket No. 26893.
Decided September 19, 1978. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Robert L. Kaczmarek, Prosecuting Attorney, and Peter C. Jensen, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Thomas J. Demetriou, for defendant on appeal.
Before: J.H. GILLIS, P.J., and D.E. HOLBROOK and N.J. KAUFMAN, JJ.
Defendant was convicted of felony murder, contrary to MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548, after a protracted jury trial in Saginaw County Circuit Court. He was subsequently sentenced to a term of life imprisonment and now appeals as of right citing several instances of error.
Defendant's trial commenced on June 13, 1975, and ended on July 11, 1975.
I
Defendant first contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress samples of blood, pubic hair, head hair, saliva, and semen obtained from defendant's person pursuant to an unsworn, ex parte petition presented by the investigating officer prior to the issuance of a warrant charging defendant with the crime.
It is defendant's position that the taking of body samples constitutes a search and seizure. Therefore, since the petition used to obtain the samples was not sworn to, it was not a valid search warrant, and, accordingly, any samples obtained therefrom should have been excluded from evidence at trial.
It is well established that a search warrant can issue only on probable cause supported by oath or affirmation. See MCL 780.651; MSA 28.1259(1).
This Court, in People v Marshall, 69 Mich. App. 288; 244 N.W.2d 451 (1976), dealt with substantially the same issue.
"Having concluded that a search warrant was required in order to make admissible the hair and blood samples taken from defendant we turn to consideration of whether the detention order, under which defendant was searched and the samples taken, was a search warrant. Counsel for defendant says that it was. We agree. It matters not what name is given the instrument under which a suspect is temporarily detained, provided the papers comply in all respects with the requirements for a warrant." Marshall, supra, at 300.
The petition used to seize the samples in the instant case did not comply with the requirements for a search warrant. Accordingly, the samples were taken from defendant pursuant to an improper petition and their admission at trial was erroneous.
A question now arises as to whether or not this error can be held harmless. See People v Robinson, 386 Mich. 551, 563; 194 N.W.2d 709 (1972).
The samples obtained via the invalid petition and introduced into evidence at trial were as follows: (1) A pubic hair sample, since pubic hairs similar to defendant's were found on the victim's clothing, (2) A semen sample, because a vaginal swab taken from the victim indicated that she had been raped by a person with type O blood, (3) A saliva sample to be used to determine if defendant was a secretor in that it was determined that the victim had been raped by a secretor.
A semen sample can be used to determine the blood type of the secretor. The sample in the instant case revealed that defendant did in fact have type O blood.
We also note that a head hair sample was used to connect defendant to the crime, but this Court has held that the taking of head hair samples does not require a search warrant. People v Rankins, 81 Mich. App. 694; 265 N.W.2d 792 (1978).
On the rationale underpinning the Rankins case, supra, it is the opinion of this Court that the taking of a saliva sample represents a minor bodily intrusion which is permissible without a search warrant.
A saliva sample merely requires the defendant to spit into a paper towel.
We must still determine if the admission of the semen and pubic hair samples was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. We note that the cumulative effect of the various trace evidence identifications was very important to the prosecution's case. However, if we exclude the aforementioned samples from evidence at trial, there is still overwhelming proof which links defendant to the crime.
The evidence of forcible rape is still present without "identification" of the donor of the sperm; identification as one of 34,400 males in Saginaw County with type O blood does not seem to be too probative in any event. The pubic hair comparison was damaging, but far more damaging was the yellow wool sweater fiber embedded in the type AB bloodstain on defendant's shoes. Many other incriminating comparisons were testified to by the expert evidence technician, and this testimony complemented the evidence which established that defendant was the last known person to be at the scene before the killing.
The victim had type AB blood and was wearing a yellow wool sweater at the time of her death.
Accordingly, under these circumstances, we find the error to be harmless.
II
Defendant next contends that the police lacked probable cause to arrest defendant and therefore the evidence seized incidental to his arrest must be excluded at trial.
A police officer may arrest an individual without a warrant upon reasonable cause to believe that a felony has been committed and that the person arrested has committed it.
MCL 764.16; MSA 28.875.
Whether or not such cause to arrest exists depends upon the facts and circumstances of each case. See People v Orlando, 305 Mich. 686; 9 N.W.2d 893 (1943).
In the instant matter, the following information was known to the police at the time of defendant's arrest:
1) A rape-homicide occurred at 3015 Weiss sometime before 3 a.m. on January 23, 1975.
2) The defendant was at the scene of the crime at 1:15 a.m. with the victim, and the victim was still alive at that time.
3) The victim was babysitting for the Guster children at the time of her death.
4) The defendant was a social friend of Ms. Guster.
5) From 3015 Weiss, defendant phoned Ms. Guster's place of employment demanding to know her whereabouts and activities.
6) Ms. Guster was alarmed by the call and refused to talk to the defendant. She was also upset about defendant's presence at her residence.
It is the opinion of this Court that these facts were sufficient to establish probable cause to arrest defendant. Therefore, the evidence was properly seized and admitted into evidence at trial.
We also note that the seizure could be justified under the "plain view" doctrine on the basis that the police had a right to go to defendant's residence to question him about the crime.
III
Defendant further claims that the trial court improperly instructed the jury in respect to his alibi defense. The trial court instructed the jury in the following fashion:
"The defendant has filed in this case a defense of what is known in the law as alibi. That is that the defendant was at another place at the time of the commission of the crime, and I'll instruct you that such a defense is as proper and as legal, if proven, as any other, and all the evidence bearing on that point should be carefully considered by the jury, and if in view of the evidence, the jury have a reasonable doubt as to whether the defendant was at some other place at the time the crime was committed, they should give the defendant the benefit of the doubt and find him not guilty.
"The defendant is not required to prove that defense beyond a reasonable doubt to entitle him to an acquittal. It is such evidence upon that point that raises a reasonable doubt of his presence at the time and place of the commission of the crime charged." (Emphasis supplied.)
Defendant argues that the aforementioned instruction improperly shifted the burden of proof on his alibi defense from the prosecution to him. We note at this time that defense counsel did not object to this instruction at trial.
The Michigan Supreme Court has addressed this very issue in the analogous case of People v Lee, 391 Mich. 618; 218 N.W.2d 655 (1974).
"Lee contends that his defense of alibi was jeopardized by an improper instruction to the jury that an alibi defense is as legitimate as any other defense `if proven'. Lee asserts that the instruction erroneously shifted the burden of proof from the prosecutor to the defendant. The instruction was improper. The judge should have instructed `if not disproven' instead of `if proven'. However, Lee's trial attorney did not object to the instruction before the jury retired to consider its verdict. Therefore, although we disapprove of the instruction as given, there was no reversible error since the issue was not preserved.
"The complete alibi instruction given by the court reads:
"`The defendant in this case also claims the defense of what we call ALIBI, and that is, in simple English, that he was at another place at the time of commission of the alleged offense.
"`I instruct you that this sort of defense is a proper one, and is as legitimate if proven as any other defense. You should consider all the evidence bearing upon that point and carefully examine it and if, in view of the evidence, you have any reasonable doubt as to whether the defendant was at some other place and [sic] the time the crime was committed, you should give him, the defendant, the benefit of any doubt and find him not guilty. (Emphasis added.)'
"In the continuation of the instruction, after the statement objected to, the court pointed out that `the benefit of any doubt' (emphasis added) should be accorded to the defendant. Therefore, the charge properly indicated that the defendant need not fully establish an alibi to have the benefit thereof, in rebuttal of the proofs of the prosecution. Testimony in support of an alibi need accomplish no more than raise a reasonable doubt of defendant's presence at the time and place of the commission of the crime charged. See People v Marvill, 236 Mich. 595, 597; 211 N.W. 23 (1926)." Lee, supra, at 640, 641. (Emphasis in Lee.)
On the basis of Lee, supra, we find no reversible error.
IV
The penultimate issue which this Court will address concerns the admissibility of statements made by Ms. Guster's 3-1/2 year-old child who witnessed the crime but refused to testify in open court.
It appears that the child made several statements to her mother and her new babysitter concerning how the victim was raped and killed. These statements were made approximately one week after the crime.
The trial court allowed Ms. Guster and the babysitter to testify as to these statements concluding that they fell within the "excited utterance" exception to the hearsay rule.
The precise question presented appears to be of first impression in this state.
In dealing with children of tender years, hearsay statements made by children who are victims of sexually related offenses are admissible under certain circumstances.
"In sex offenses, hearsay statements made by a victim of tender years to a witness who subsequently testifies to the content of these declarations are admissible as part of the `res gestae' of the crime if the delay from the time of the incident to the time of the conversation is adequately explained. People v Payne, supra [ 37 Mich. App. 442; 194 N.W.2d 906 (1971)], People v Baker, 251 Mich. 322; 232 N.W. 381 (1930), People v Davison, 12 Mich. App. 429; 163 N.W.2d 10 (1968)." People v Debreczeny, 74 Mich. App. 391, 394; 253 N.W.2d 776 (1977).
The Michigan Rules of Evidence provide the following exception to the hearsay rule:
"A statement relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition." MRE 803(2).
The statements made and the actions taken by the child in the instant case were clearly the product of a startling event, the rape and murder of a young woman. The statements were spontaneous, i.e., not prompted by any questioning. People v Frank Johnson, 58 Mich. App. 1, 6; 226 N.W.2d 730 (1975), Rice v Jackson, 1 Mich. App. 105, 111; 134 N.W.2d 366 (1965).
In addition, the delay in the instant case was adequately explained. First, Gretchen had stayed with her grandparents for the week immediately following the crime. The week Gretchen returned, she made the statements to her new babysitter, and shortly thereafter began to talk about the crime to her mother when she got "in certain moods".
The circumstances presented in this matter lead us to the conclusion that the rule set forth in Debreczeny, supra, should be extended to this case even though the child was not the victim of the crime. The indicia of reliability is strong in the instant matter.
The court cautioned the jurors as to the hearsay nature of the child's testimony, and told them to give it careful scrutiny.
The result reached herein is in conformity with MRE 1978, 102:
"These rules are intended to secure fairness in administration, elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay, and promotion of growth and development of the law of evidence to the end that the truth may be ascertained and proceedings justly determined."
Accordingly, the trial court did not err in admitting the child's testimony.
V
Defendant finally contends that the failure of the trial court to instruct the jury in respect to malice mandates reversal of his conviction.
Defendant relies upon People v Fountain, 71 Mich. App. 491; 248 N.W.2d 589 (1976), which held the omission of an instruction on malice to be reversible error in a felony murder case.
The Fountain Court stated that malice could not be imputed to an act of killing from the perpetrator's intent to commit the underlying felony, but instead must be determined in every case by the jury. The jury would still be permitted to infer malice from the nature of the underlying felony and the circumstances surrounding its commission.
However, in People v Till, 80 Mich. App. 16; 263 N.W.2d 586 (1977), another panel of this Court disagreed with the holding in Fountain. The Till Court ruled that malice could be expressly imputed to the killing from the underlying felony as a matter of law. In essence, the Till Court concluded that Michigan still follows the felony-murder doctrine while Fountain expressly rejects it. This writer believes that Till correctly states the law in Michigan today.
This writer will not engage in any in-depth analysis in respect to this issue in that the scholarly opinions authored by my colleagues in People v Fountain, 71 Mich. App. 491; 248 N.W.2d 589 (1976), and People v Till, 80 Mich. App. 16; 263 N.W.2d 586 (1977), adequately evaluate this issue.
Hence, the trial court did not err in failing to instruct the jury on malice.
The other issues raised by defendant do not warrant discussion by this Court.
Affirmed.
D.E. HOLBROOK, J., concurred.
I concur in the result reached by Judge GILLIS'S opinion for the reasons stated in my dissenting opinion in People v Ronald Wilson, 84 Mich. App. 636; 270 N.W.2d 473 (1978).