Opinion
A151967
09-26-2018
IN RE L.O., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law. The People, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. L.O., Defendant and Appellant.
Counsel for Appellants: Sidney S. Hollar, San Francisco, by Court-Appointment under the First District Appellate Assisted Case System Counsel for Respondents: Xavier Becerra, Attorney General; Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General; Jeffrey M. Laurice, Senior Assistant Attorney General; Donna M. Provenzano, Supervising Deputy Attorney General; Violet M. Lee, Deputy Attorney General
Certified for Partial Publication.
Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of parts II.A.3., II.B., and II.C.
Counsel for Appellants: Sidney S. Hollar, San Francisco, by Court-Appointment under the First District Appellate Assisted Case System
Counsel for Respondents: Xavier Becerra, Attorney General; Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General; Jeffrey M. Laurice, Senior Assistant Attorney General; Donna M. Provenzano, Supervising Deputy Attorney General; Violet M. Lee, Deputy Attorney General
Tucher, J. L.O. (Minor) appeals jurisdictional and dispositional orders entered after the juvenile court found he had committed battery and placed him on probation. He challenges various conditions of his probation as vague and overbroad. We shall modify one probation condition that would categorically prohibit Minor from all use of social networking sites, remand the matter to the juvenile court for the limited purpose of addressing Minor's educational needs, and otherwise affirm the orders.
I. BACKGROUND
A juvenile wardship petition alleged 17-year-old Minor committed misdemeanor battery against Miguel C. in May 2017. Minor had been found to have committed four previous offenses: felony grand theft and misdemeanor possession of a weapon on school grounds in March 2016, and misdemeanor battery on a non-cohabitant and receiving stolen property in November 2016.
At a contested jurisdictional hearing, Miguel testified that he was walking home from school one day, and Minor walked up and stood in front of him, trying to fight. Minor said, "I heard you were talking shit," and Miguel said, "No, I was not." Minor punched Miguel on the side of his face for several seconds. Miguel knew Minor, but they were not friends.
When Miguel got home, he told his father what had happened. Miguel told his father that he was tired of being beat up and that "the same guy that beat me up before beat me up this time." He said he did not want to press charges because he "didn't want to be a snitch." Miguel had a bump on the back of his head and swelling underneath the right eye. The juvenile court sustained the petition.
The detention report for the present offense noted that Miguel believed Minor was one of a group who had attacked him from behind the previous month, causing him to sustain five facial fractures, and that Miguel said Minor "claim[ed]" a Norteño street gang. No testimony about gang affiliation was presented at the jurisdiction hearing.
The probation officer's report explained that Minor had been adjudged a ward of the court and placed on probation in May 2016, after allegations of grand theft and possessing a knife on school grounds, based on separate incidents, were sustained. In August 2016, Minor and his former girlfriend had a verbal altercation that became violent; he pushed her to the ground, choked her, and kicked and punched her in the stomach. In September 2016, Minor again came to the attention of law enforcement when he and a companion were seen entering a coach's office at school; a phone was taken from a cabinet, and at least three other phones were stolen from other students' backpacks. Minor admitted he had stolen a phone, and a misdemeanor allegation of receiving stolen property was eventually sustained.
In addition to these incidents, Minor had earlier been referred to the probation department several times: in 2010, when he was nine years old, for possession of marijuana; in 2013, for misdemeanor battery; in 2014, for making verbal threats to another student; and in April 2015, for trespassing.
Minor was enrolled in high school, and his behavior and attendance had been satisfactory. He was receiving special education services for speech and language deficits. He was attending individual counseling at high school. He denied use of alcohol or drugs, and tests had been negative for drug use.
At the dispositional hearing, the court continued Minor as a ward of the court and committed him to a residential program, Camp Glenwood, followed by supervision and monitoring in the community, and imposed conditions of probation.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Challenges to Electronic Search and Device Conditions
Minor contends that the conditions of probation regarding monitoring of his electronic devices are unreasonable and overbroad and that his counsel was ineffective in failing to object to them. "When a juvenile court places a minor on probation, it ‘may impose and require any and all reasonable conditions that it may determine fitting and proper to the end that justice may be done and the reformation and rehabilitation of the ward enhanced.’ ( Welf. & Inst. Code, § 730, subd. (b) ; see also id ., § 202, subd. (b).) ‘ " ‘In fashioning the conditions of probation, the ... court should consider the minor's entire social history in addition to the circumstances of the crime.’ " [Citation.] The court has "broad discretion to fashion conditions of probation" [citation], although "every juvenile probation condition must be made to fit the circumstances and the minor." ’ [Citation.]" ( In re D.H. (2016) 4 Cal.App.5th 722, 727, 208 Cal.Rptr.3d 738.) In People v. Lent (1975) 15 Cal.3d 481, 124 Cal.Rptr. 905, 541 P.2d 545 ( Lent ), our high court ruled that a probation condition is invalid if it " ‘(1) has no relationship to the crime of which the offender was convicted, (2) relates to conduct which is not in itself criminal, and (3) requires or forbids conduct which is not reasonably related to future criminality.’ " ( Id . at p. 486, 124 Cal.Rptr. 905, 541 P.2d 545.)
The challenged electronic device conditions are the following: 1. "Any electronic data storage and/or communication device under the Minor's control and/or [to] which the Minor has shared, partial or limited access, is subject to a full and complete search, by any probation officer, in any manner required to guarantee full disclosure by any probation officer, during the day or night, with or without his consent, with or without a search warrant, and without regard to probable and reasonable cause." 2. "The Minor shall provide encryption keys or passwords to the probation officer for any computer or electronic data storage devices, in his possession, custody or control and to which he has sole, shared, partial, or limited access." 3. "The Minor shall not possess or utilize any program or application, on any electronic data storage device, that automatically or through a remote command deletes data from that device." 4. "The Minor shall not contact his service provider to remove or destroy data from the electronic device(s) if said electronic device(s) is/are seized as evidence." 5. "The Minor shall not be in possession of any paging devices or other portable communication equipment, including but not limited to scanners, without the express permission of the probation officer." 6. "The Minor shall not access or participate in any Social Networking Site, including but not limited to Facebook.com. All internet usage is subject to monitoring by Probation, parents or school officials."
1. Most of Minor's Challenges are Forfeited
Minor contends these conditions are unreasonable and therefore invalid under Lent , supra , 15 Cal.3d 481, 124 Cal.Rptr. 905, 541 P.2d 545. He also contends that the electronic search conditions (conditions 1 and 2) and the conditions barring him from social networking sites and possessing paging devices (conditions 5 and 6) are constitutionally overbroad. As Minor acknowledges, however, his trial counsel did not object to the probation conditions on these or any other grounds, and he has therefore forfeited the argument that the conditions are invalid. Minor asks us to exercise our discretion to reach the merits even in the absence of an objection; in the alternative, he contends his counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to object.
"As a general rule, failure to challenge a probation condition on constitutional or Lent grounds waives the claim on appeal." ( In re Antonio C. (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 1029, 1033, 100 Cal.Rptr.2d 218 ; People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228, 237, 19 Cal.Rptr.2d 520, 851 P.2d 802 ( Welch ) [ Lent grounds]; In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875, 889, 55 Cal.Rptr.3d 716, 153 P.3d 282 ( Sheena K. ); People v. Trujillo (2015) 60 Cal.4th 850, 856, 182 Cal.Rptr.3d 143, 340 P.3d 371.) This rule is intended to " ‘encourage parties to bring errors to the attention of the trial court, so they may be corrected.’ " ( Sheena K. , at p. 881, 55 Cal.Rptr.3d 716, 153 P.3d 282.) An exception exists, however, where a party raises a facial challenge to a condition of probation as constitutionally vague or overbroad that can be resolved without reference to the sentencing record in a particular case. ( Id . at p. 887, 55 Cal.Rptr.3d 716, 153 P.3d 282.) In reaching this conclusion, our high court emphasized that it "d[id] not conclude that ‘all constitutional defects in conditions of probation may be raised for the first time on appeal, since there may be circumstances that do not present "pure questions of law that can be resolved without reference to the particular sentencing record developed in the trial court." [Citation.] In those circumstances, "[t]raditional objection and waiver principles encourage development of the record and a proper exercise of discretion in the trial court." [Citation.]’ " ( Id . at p. 889, 55 Cal.Rptr.3d 716, 153 P.3d 282.)
With one exception, Minor's challenges to the electronic device conditions depend on a review of the facts of this case. "When a probation condition imposes limitations on a person's constitutional rights, it ‘ "must closely tailor those limitations to the purpose of the condition" ’—that is, the probationer's reformation and rehabilitation—‘ "to avoid being invalidated as constitutionally overbroad." ’ [Citations.] ‘The essential question in an overbreadth challenge is the closeness of the fit between the legitimate purpose of the restriction and the burden it imposes on the [probationer's] constitutional rights—bearing in mind, of course, that perfection in such matters is impossible, and that practical necessity will justify some infringement.’ " ( In re P.O. (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 288, 297, 200 Cal.Rptr.3d 841.) In contending that the conditions requiring him to submit electronic devices to any probation officer provide passwords and refrain from using pagers and social media are overbroad, Minor argues that there are less restrictive ways to meet the state's goals of preventing future criminality, there is no evidence he used electronic devices, pagers, or social networking sites to commit his offenses, the record does not show what social media sites he uses, there is no indication he uses drugs or alcohol, and the goal of rehabilitation is fully addressed by his commitment to a residential program followed by monitoring in the community. Rather than being facial challenges presenting pure questions of law, these contentions would require us to consider the sentencing record developed in the juvenile court. (See People v. Kendrick (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 769, 778, 172 Cal.Rptr.3d 355 [challenge to probation condition forfeited where defendant argued on appeal that condition as applied to him was unconstitutional given the specifics of his crime, his criminal history, and the probation department's policy].) Under the rule announced in Sheena K. , supra , 40 Cal.4th at p. 889, 55 Cal.Rptr.3d 716, 153 P.3d 282 and Welch , supra , 5 Cal.4th at pp. 236-237, 19 Cal.Rptr.2d 520, 851 P.2d 802, and subject to an exception we shall address next, Minor's challenges on both Lent and overbreadth grounds are forfeited.
2. Social Media Prohibition
Our analysis is different as to the final probation condition Minor challenges, which prohibits him from gaining access to or using any social networking site, including Facebook.com.
"A fundamental principle of the First Amendment is that all persons have access to places where they can speak and listen, and then, after reflection, speak and listen once more." ( Packingham v. North Carolina (2017) 528 U.S. ––––, 137 S.Ct. 1730, 1735, 198 L.Ed.2d 273 ( Packingham ).) Today an important forum for such communication is found on social media, and "to foreclose access to social media altogether is to prevent the user from engaging in the legitimate exercise of First Amendment rights." ( Id . at pp. 1735, 1737.) In light of social media's role in protected communication, the United States Supreme Court in Packingham struck down a state law prohibiting registered sex offenders from gaining access to social media websites. ( Id . at pp. 1733, 1738.)
This precedent undergirds a successful facial challenge to Minor's probation condition. As written, the final condition prevents Minor from using social media for even the most innocuous or beneficial purposes, such as following current events on Facebook, using a professional networking site to seek a job, or participating in a school-related on-line discussion. While there doubtless are circumstances in which it is appropriate to restrict a probationer's access to social media, we conclude that in light of Packingham an absolute prohibition that admits to no exception is unconstitutionally overbroad on its face, and we therefore review it on appeal even in the absence of an objection below. ( Sheena K. , supra , 40 Cal.4th at p. 887, 55 Cal.Rptr.3d 716, 153 P.3d 282.) As in Packingham , so here, "the State may not enact this complete bar to the exercise of First Amendment rights on websites integral to the fabric of our modern society and culture." ( Packingham , supra , 137 S.Ct. at 1738.)
In the early days of social media, a prohibition on using social networking sites may have passed constitutional muster (see , e.g ., In re Victor L. (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 902, 923-926, 106 Cal.Rptr.3d 584 ), but Packingham announces that day has passed. We acknowledge that this case involves a juvenile probation condition while Packingham involves a constraint on adult behavior, and that juvenile courts enjoy broader discretion in fashioning probation terms than do adult criminal courts. ( Sheena K. , supra , 40 Cal.4th at p. 889, 55 Cal.Rptr.3d 716, 153 P.3d 282.) But that discretion is not unlimited. Sheena K. requires that a probation condition limiting a juvenile's constitutional rights be closely tailored to the purpose of the condition ( id . at p. 890, 55 Cal.Rptr.3d 716, 153 P.3d 282 ), and this term of probation makes no pretense of tailoring.
With a small adjustment, however, the prohibition on Minor using social media can be sufficiently tailored to survive a facial challenge. In this case, another probation condition prohibits Minor from using pagers "without the express permission of the probation officer." We shall modify the final probation condition to include the same limitation. As long as Minor's probation officer has the authority to allow social media use that is consistent with the state's compelling interest in reformation and rehabilitation, that probation condition is not facially overbroad. Also, all of Minor's internet usage, including any use of social media, remains "subject to monitoring by Probation, parents or school officials."
3. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
See footnote *, ante .
See footnote *, ante .
--------
III. DISPOSITION
The last probation condition that Minor challenges is modified to provide: "The Minor shall not access or participate in any Social Networking Site, including but not limited to Facebook.com., without the express permission of the probation officer. All internet usage is subject to monitoring by Probation, parents or school officials." The matter is remanded to the juvenile court with directions to make the required findings and orders as to Minor's educational needs pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 5.651(b)(2). In all other respects, the jurisdictional and dispositional orders are affirmed.
Streeter, Acting P.J. Reardon, J., concurred.