Opinion
May 30, 2001.
Talkin Muccigrosso, New York City (Sanford Talkin of counsel), for defendant.
Richard A. Brown, District Attorney of Queens County (Suzanne Middleton and Michael Weisenfeld of counsel), for plaintiff.
DECISION AND ORDER
The defendant Andrey Litarov, by a misdemeanor information dated July 25, 2000, is accused of operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol in violation of N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law section 1192-3.
The defendant moved to suppress his refusal to take a Breathalyzer test. See, N Y Vehicle and Traffic Law section 1194. A Judicial Hearing Officer of this Court, Hon. Joseph Cerbone, held a hearing on April 30 and May 4, 2001. Following the hearing, J.H.O. Cerbone made findings of fact and conclusions of law and recommended to this Court that the defendant's motion to suppress be denied.
FINDINGS OF FACT
The salient facts are not in dispute. The J.H.O. found the testimony of the police witnesses credible.
On July 13, 2000, at about 3:42 a.m., police observed the defendant sitting in the driver's seat of a 1988 Audi, with the motor running, at 92nd Street and Roosevelt Avenue in Queens County. The defendant's eyes were bloodshot and watery, his complexion was flush, and his speech was slurred. Police Officer E. Stewart, at the 112th Police Precinct, repeatedly requested the defendant to take a Breathalyzer test. Each time, the defendant declined and stated that he wants "his Russian rep." The J.H.O. correctly observed that the defendant's request was to consult or see a Russian consular official.
During the hearing, the People conceded that they could not locate the videotape evidencing defendant's refusal to take a Breathalyzer test. Defense counsel asked that several sanctions be applied against the People for the loss of the videotape.
This Court adopts the J.H.O.'s findings of fact.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
In recommending that this Court deny the defendant's motion to suppress, the J.H.O. believed that (1) the law does not require that a refusal to take a Breathalyzer test should be suppressed because a defendant was denied access to a consular official, and (2) the appropriate sanction, premature at the hearing stage, is for the trial judge to give an adverse charge regarding the loss of the videotape. The J.H.O. gave the parties an adjournment in order to research and brief the two issues, but no apposite authority was cited to him.
1. THE ALLEGED VIOLATION OF THE VIENNA CONVENTION
Although not cited by the parties, Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, April 24, 1963, 21 U.S.T. 77, 596 U.N.T.S. 261 ("Vienna Convention" or "VCCR") provides for notification of a foreign national's consulate upon the arrest of that foreign national. See,Matter of Walker v. Pataki, 266 A.D.2d 40 (1St Dept. 1999). The United States ratified the Vienna Convention in 1969. See, United States v. Jimenez-Nava, 243 F.3d 192 (5th Cir. 2001).
The defendant's request for suppression of his refusal to take a Breathalyzer test on this theory that he was not permitted access to an embassy official must fail for several reasons. First, as a factual matter, defense counsel failed to establish why this particular defendant would be subject to the protections of the Vienna Convention. Not even a scintilla of evidence was presented at the hearing as to this defendant's nationality.
Second, the Vienna Convention itself prescribes no judicial remedy or other recourse for its violation. United States v. Ademaj, 170 F.3d 58, 67 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 887 (1999). The Supreme Court of the United States, in Breard v. Greene, 523 U.S. 371, 376 (1998), stated, in dicta, that the Vienna Convention "arguably" creates individually enforceable rights. See, United States v. Santos, 235 F.3d 1105, 1107-1108 (8th Cir. 2000); United States v. Laden, 126 F. Supp.2d 290, 295-296, and 132 F. Supp.2d 168, 194-198, 195 n. 30 (S.D.N.Y. 2001).
Although this Court's research has found no case where the Vienna Convention was discussed in terms of a Breathalyzer test, the overwhelming majority of American federal and state courts have held that a violation of Article 36 of the Vienna Convention does not get remedied by adopting an exclusionary rule requiring suppression of the evidence. See, United States v. Jimenez-Nava, supra, 243 F.2d 192, 198-200; United States v. Lawal, 231 F.3d 1045, 1048 (7th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 121 S.Ct. 1165 (2001); United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 621-623 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 121 S.Ct. 599 (2000); United States v. Lombera-Camorlinga, 206 F.3d 882, 885-887 (9th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 121 S.Ct. 481 (2000); United States v. Duarte-Acero, 132 F. Supp.2d 1036, 1039 (S.D. Fla. 2001) (remedies available for violations of Article 36 of the VCCR do not include suppression of the evidence or dismissal of the indictment); State v. Cevallos-Bermeo, 333 N.J. Super. 181, 754 A.2d 1224, certification denied, 165 N.J. 607, 762 A.2d 221 (2000); People v. Elias, N.Y.L.J., Feb. 4, 1999, at 31, col. 3 (Sup.Ct. Queens County 1999). But see, Ledezma v. State, 626 N.W.2d 134 2001 WL 418532 (Iowa 2001) (trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel, inter alia, when he failed to inform the defendant of his right to consular access under Article 36 of the VCCR; "Criminal defense attorneys are not equipped to provide the same services as the local consulate."); State v. Reyes, 740 A.2d 7, 13-14, reargument denied, 1999 WL 743598 (Del.Super. 1999) (granting a motion to suppress evidence because failure to advise defendant of his rights under Article 36 of the VCCR precluded an intelligent waiver of Miranda rights).
Indeed, where an alleged violation of Article 36 of the Vienna Convention was raised in a capital or serious felony case, the courts have refused to grant relief. See, e.g., State v. Jamison, 20 P.3d 1010 (Wash.App. 2001); People v. Hernandez, 319 Ill. App.3d 520, 745 N.E.2d 673 (2001); People v. Madej, 193 Ill.2d 395, 739 N.E.2d 423 (2000) (divided court), discussed in Note, "People v. Madej: Illinois Violation of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations," 32 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 471 (2001); Sifuentes v. State, 29 S.W.3d 238 (Tex.Ct.App. 2000); Trujillo v. State, 25 S.W.3d 270 (Tex.Ct.App. 2000); Zapata v. State, 15 S.W.3d 661 (Tex.Ct.App. 2000); Rocha v. State, 16 S.W.3d 1 (Tex.Ct.App. 2000); Ibarra v. State, 11 S.W.3d 189, 197 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999), cert. denied, 121 S.Ct. 79 (2000) (defendant, a Mexican citizen, was sentenced to death, although not informed of his right to free access to the Mexican consulate).
In a recent case involving the charge of drunk driving, the court rejected a challenge under the Vienna Convention, not to a Breathalyzer test, but to the admissibility of statements made by a defendant who was not notified of his rights under Article 36. Garcia v. State, 17 P.3d 994, 996-997 (Nev. 2001) (VCCR makes no provision for suppression as a cure for a violation of Article 36).
For this court or another American court to apply an exclusionary rule to remedy a violation of the Vienna Convention would be unilaterally self-limiting, since no country which has ratified the Vienna Convention has applied such a remedy. See, United States v. Rodrigues, 68 F. Supp.2d 178, 186 (E.D.N.Y. 1999).
Further, to grant suppression here would be to confer an additional layer of protection upon foreign nationals that is not provided to United States citizens, and that other signatories of the Vienna Convention do not give to Americans traveling abroad.
Finally, the present controversy, regarding the failure to administer rights of consular notification under the Vienna Convention when the police are authorized by statute to inform a motorist about a Breathalyzer test, sets this matter apart from all of the above-cited cases. In the precedents cited and discussed above, the police question a suspect of an alleged crime, and the accused subsequently seeks suppression of a statement based on a violation of Article 36. The issue of time in those cases was not essential.
Here, however, New York law requires that the Breathalyzer be administered within two hours after arrest in order to be admissible. Vehicle and Traffic Law section 1194(2)(a)(1); People v. Capia, 271 A.D.2d 543 (2nd Dept.), lv. to appeal denied, 95 N.Y.2d 851 (2000);People v. Zawacki, 244 A.D.2d 954 (4th Dept. 1997); see also, People v. Finnegan, 85 N.Y.2d 53, cert. denied, 516 U.S. 919 (1995). Invocation of the right to consular notification under Article 36 would essentially exempt foreign nationals from taking a Breathalyzer test since it could take days, not less than two hours, before a consular official would be available to consult with a defendant.
This Court, accordingly, declines to suppress defendant's refusal to take a Breathalyzer test based on an alleged violation of Article 36 of the Vienna Convention.
2. SANCTIONS AGAINST THE PEOPLE'S LOSS OF THE VIDEOTAPE EVIDENCING DEFENDANT'S REFUSAL TO TAKE THE BREATHALYZER
Defendant contends that the case should be dismissed because of the People's failure to preserve the videotape depicting the defendant's refusal to take the Breathalyzer test. See generally, Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) (exculpatory material); People v. Rosario, 9 N.Y.2d 286 (1961) (recorded statements by the defendant or prosecution witnesses); N Y Criminal Procedure Law section 240.45(1)(a).
First, the Court questions how the videotape would constitute either Brady or Rosario material since his refusal to take the test is not in dispute. See, People v. Ross, 282 A.D.2d 929 2001 WL 429128 (3rd Dept. Apr. 26, 2001) (rejecting defendant's conclusory claims a missing videotape would have constituted either Brady or Rosario material or that the outcome of the trial would have been different had the videotape been preserved and produced).
One New York case has approved, as a sanction for such loss, the full preclusion against the People from introducing the defendant's refusal to take a Breathalyzer test. See, People v. Marr, 177 A.D.2d 964 (4th Dept. 1991). That case, however, is factually distinguishable. There, the defendant, at the outset, wanted to cooperate in the taking of the test, so that the subsequent loss of the tape was crucial. In the present case, however, the defendant does not dispute that, at all times, he persisted in his refusal to take the test.
Thus, the view expressed by the J.H.O. at the hearing, that the trier of fact at trial, in his discretion, should be free to give an adverse charge against the People for the missing physical item of evidence, appears to be the better approach under the present circumstances. See,People v. Khademi, Dec. 22, 1994, at 31, col. 1 (N.Y.C. Crim. Ct. Richmond County). See generally, People v. James, 93 N.Y.2d 620 (1999);People v. Joseph, 86 N.Y.2d 565 (1995).
The Court, accordingly, adopts the conclusions of law by the J.H.O. The defendant's motion to suppress is, in all respects, DENIED.