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finding no due process violation in the proper introduction of other acts evidence
Summary of this case from People v. CampbellOpinion
Submitted Nov. 6, 2007, at Grand Rapids.
Released for Publication Jan. 17, 2008. Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Frederick Anderson, Prosecuting Attorney, and Douglas E. Ketchum, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Allegan, for the people.
Law Office of John D. Roach, Jr., PLC (by John D. Roach, Jr.), Detroit, for the defendant.
Before: MURPHY , P.J., and SMOLENSKI and METER , JJ.
MURPHY, P.J.
[277 Mich.App. 183] Defendant was convicted of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(1)(a) , and sentenced to 25 to 75 years' imprisonment. He appeals as of right his conviction and sentence. We affirm.
Defendant first claims on appeal that he was denied a fair trial when the police officer who interviewed him testified that defendant refused to take a polygraph examination. Although defendant began to object to the officer's testimony, defendant never completed the objection. He never requested a ruling, a curative instruction, or a mistrial. Accordingly, there was no objection and the issue is unpreserved. We review an unpreserved claim of error for plain error affecting the defendant's substantial rights. People v. Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 763, 597 N.W.2d 130 (1999) .
It is well established that testimony concerning a defendant's polygraph examination is not admissible in a criminal prosecution. People v. Jones, 468 Mich. 345, 355, 662 N.W.2d 376 (2003) . It is plain error for the jury to be presented with the results of a polygraph examination. People v. McGhee, 268 Mich.App. 600, 630, 709 N.W.2d 595 (2005) ; People v. Nash, 244 Mich.App. 93, 97, 625 N.W.2d 87 (2000) . Accordingly, plain error occurred when the officer testified that defendant refused to take a polygraph examination. However, not every reference [277 Mich.App. 184] to a polygraph examination requires reversal. Id. at 98, 625 N.W.2d 87; People v. Rocha, 110 Mich.App. 1, 8, 312 N.W.2d 657 (1981) . Reversal is not required in the present case. The reference to defendant's refusal to take a polygraph examination was brief, the reference to defendant's refusal was not repeated, the prosecutor did not argue that defendant was guilty because he had refused to take a polygraph examination, defendant himself later testified that he asked to take a polygraph test but was never given one, and defendant confessed to the crime. See Nash, supra at 98, 625 N.W.2d 87 . Under these circumstances, we conclude that the plain error did not affect the outcome of defendant's trial, and, additionally, we cannot conclude that the error resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent defendant or seriously affected the fairness and integrity of the judicial proceedings. Carines, supra at 763, 597 N.W.2d 130 . Accordingly, defendant has failed to establish plain error requiring reversal. Id.
While this case does not involve the actual taking of a polygraph test and commentary thereon, the reference to a defendant's refusal to take a polygraph test is equally problematic because it suggests fear of being caught in a lie and thus guilt, which also bear on a defendant's right to remain silent. In Rivers v. Ex-Cell-O Corp., 100 Mich.App. 824, 837, 300 N.W.2d 420 (1980) , this Court, citing People v. Scotts, 80 Mich.App. 1, 11-13, 263 N.W.2d 272 (1977) , stated that “[i]t is erroneous to bring to the jury's attention evidence of a refusal to take a polygraph examination."
Defendant next claims on appeal that he was denied a fair trial when the trial court admitted evidence that he sexually abused the son of his girlfriend. We review a trial court's admission of evidence of other bad acts for an abuse of discretion. McGhee, supra at 609, 709 N.W.2d 595 . A trial court abuses its discretion when it fails to select a principled outcome from a range of reasonable and principled outcomes. People v. Babcock, 469 Mich. 247, 269, 666 N.W.2d 231 (2003) .
To be admissible under MRE 404(b), bad-acts evidence must satisfy three requirements: (1) the evidence must be offered for a proper purpose; (2) the evidence [277 Mich.App. 185] must be relevant; and (3) the probative value of the evidence must not be substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice. People v. Knox, 469 Mich. 502, 509, 674 N.W.2d 366 (2004). Evidence of uncharged acts may be admissible to show that the charged act occurred if the uncharged acts and the charged act are sufficiently similar to support an inference that they are manifestations of a common plan or scheme. People v. Sabin (After Remand), 463 Mich. 43, 63, 614 N.W.2d 888 (2000). Distinctive and unusual features are not required to establish the existence of a common plan or scheme. Id. at 65-66, 614 N.W.2d 888. In the present case, at the time of the sexual assaults, which occurred within a four-month period, the victim and defendant's girlfriend's son were both four years old and under the care and supervision of defendant. Moreover, defendant sexually assaulted the two boys in the same manner. He first rubbed their penises before performing fellatio on the boys. Under these circumstances, the charged act and the uncharged act are sufficiently similar to show that defendant engaged in a common plan or scheme. In addition, because the evidence that defendant sexually abused his girlfriend's son provided the inference that defendant acted in accordance with a common scheme or plan, the evidence was relevant to whether the charged crime occurred. See People v. Hine, 467 Mich. 242, 251, 650 N.W.2d 659 (2002). Finally, the probative value of the bad-acts evidence was not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice. The evidence was highly probative because it was relevant to the ultimate issue at trial, whether defendant performed oral sex on the victim. Moreover, the trial court instructed the jury that it was to consider the evidence only for the purpose of determining if defendant acted in accordance with a common plan or scheme. Such a limiting instruction protects a defendant's right to a fair trial. [277 Mich.App. 186]People v. Smith, 243 Mich.App. 657, 675, 625 N.W.2d 46 (2000). The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence that defendant sexually abused his girlfriend's son. Additionally, defendant's due process rights were not offended or violated by the introduction of the evidence.
We note that after the defendant's trial the Legislature enacted MCL 768.27a , effective January 1, 2006, which therefore is not applicable in this case, but which provides in part:
Defendant finally claims that the trial court, when it sentenced him to 25 to 75 years' imprisonment, failed to articulate substantial and compelling reasons for departing from the recommended minimum sentence range under the legislative sentencing guidelines. The recommended sentence range was 9 to 15 years' imprisonment.
Generally, a trial court is required to impose a minimum sentence that falls within the recommended minimum sentence range. MCL 769.34(2); Babcock, supra at 255, 666 N.W.2d 231. A trial court may only depart from the recommended sentence range if there is a substantial and compelling reason for doing so. MCL 769.34(3); Babcock, supra at 255-256, 666 N.W.2d 231. A substantial and compelling reason must be objective and verifiable, id. at 257-258, 666 N.W.2d 231, meaning that it is external to the minds of the trial court, the defendant, and others involved in making the decision, and is capable of being confirmed, People v. Abramski, 257 Mich.App. 71, 74, 665 N.W.2d 501 (2003). In addition, a substantial and compelling reason is one that keenly or irresistibly grabs the court's attention, and one the court recognizes as being of [277 Mich.App. 187] considerable worth in deciding the defendant's sentence. Babcock, supra at 257, 666 N.W.2d 231. Substantial and compelling reasons to depart only exist in exceptional cases. Id. Further, MCL 769.34(3)(b) provides:
The court shall not base a departure on an offense characteristic or offender characteristic already taken into account in determining the appropriate sentence range unless the court finds from the facts contained in the court record, including the presentence investigation report, that the characteristic has been given inadequate or disproportionate weight.
Here, three components factored into the trial court's reasoning in deciding to depart upward from the recommended minimum sentence range. First, the trial court found that defendant committed perjury when he testified at trial. Second, the trial court concluded that defendant is a pedophile and that long-term confinement was necessary to protect children because pedophilia is a disorder not amenable to treatment and pedophiles are likely to repeat their conduct and offenses. The court found that the guidelines were wholly inadequate in addressing pedophilia. Third, the court found that the guidelines inadequately addressed the factual situation in which the defendant sexually abused extremely young, defenseless children, including, horrifically, his own child. We note that the record reflects that defendant performed fellatio on his four-year-old son, performed fellatio twice on the four-year-old son of a girlfriend, and had sexually abused a five-year-old boy 10 years earlier when defendant was a teenager.
Defendant's chief argument is that the reasons given by the court for the departure were not objective and verifiable, nor otherwise substantial and compelling. We review de novo whether a factor is objective and [277 Mich.App. 188] verifiable. Babcock, supra at 265, 666 N.W.2d 231 . Whether an objective and verifiable factor constitutes a substantial and compelling reason for departure is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Id.
Defendant's perjury was an objective and verifiable factor under the circumstances presented in this case. We recognize that whether a person perjured himself or herself at trial may on some occasions be a subjective conclusion, i.e., an internal belief that the person was lying without a firm confirmation. However, defendant admitted at his sentencing that he lied to the jury and that he committed the offenses. Accordingly, the perjury factor as found by the trial court was objective and verifiable. But, by itself, this would be insufficient to constitute a substantial and compelling reason for departure from the guidelines; otherwise, a departure might be warranted every time a defendant testified and was found guilty.
We next address the court's conclusion that defendant is a pedophile and that long-term confinement was necessary because pedophilia is not amenable to treatment and pedophiles are likely to repeat their conduct and offenses. First, we do find that the court's conclusion that defendant is a pedophile is objective and verifiable on the basis of his actions. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), with respect to the criteria for pedophilia, indicates that the criteria are met where a person engages in sexual activity with prepubescent children over, minimally, a six-month period, where the behaviors cause clinically significant impairment in social and occupational functioning, and where the person is at least 16 years old [277 Mich.App. 189] and at least five years older than the children. DSM-IV, § 302.2, Pedophilia. A review of the trial transcript and the presentence investigation report, which includes information regarding defendant's drug and alcohol abuse, his multiple short-term relationships, and his inability to hold a job or stay in one place, supports the conclusion that defendant is indeed a pedophile. Moreover, the DSM-IV states that the course of pedophiliac behavior “is usually chronic, especially in those attracted to males. The recidivism rate for individuals with Pedophilia involving a preference for males is roughly twice that for those who prefer females." DSM-IV, § 302.2, p. 528. Thus, the trial court's observation that pedophiles are not amenable to treatment and are likely to repeat their conduct and reoffend was external to the mind of the court and finds support by experts in the field of psychiatry. Further, the trial court referenced its own experiences with various defendants over the years who showed an inability to curtail their pedophiliac tendencies. We additionally note that the sentencing guidelines do not address pedophilia. That being said, the trial court's observations of pedophilia in general, when viewed in the context of defendant's case, lead us to the necessary conclusion that the court believed that defendant would in fact engage in acts of pedophilia in the future if given the opportunity. While one might opine that this belief or finding is not objective and verifiable, this Court in People v. Armstrong, 247 Mich.App. 423, 425, 636 N.W.2d 785 (2001), a criminal sexual conduct case involving a child and a departure from the legislative sentencing guidelines, stated that the “trial court ... did not err in finding that the need to protect other children by the sentence imposed is another factor not adequately considered by the guidelines." The need to protect other children [277 Mich.App. 190] would indicate a conclusion that the defendant was likely to reoffend in the future.
This manual is published by the American Psychiatric Association, and we take judicial notice of its existence and content, MRE 201 .
Armstrong is binding law, and regardless of whether the trial court's comments on pedophilia properly supported the departure, reversal is not warranted because we agree with the court's finding that the guidelines inadequately addressed the factual situation in which the defendant sexually abused extremely young, defenseless children, including his own child.
The Armstrong panel held:
Defendant has an uncontrollable sexual attraction toward little boys, apparently as a result of his history of sexual abuse. The trial court did not err in finding that this is a factor not adequately considered by the guidelines.... Further, the guidelines take into account psychological injury to the victim requiring therapy, MCL 777.34, but do not take into account the violation of the victim's parents' trust in defendant, the effect on the family occasioned by the victim's loss of trust in all men, including his own father, or the effect on the victim and his sister from having to learn about sexual matters at such a young age. We also note that the prosecutor's decision, in exchange for defendant's guilty plea, to dismiss a charge of first-degree CSC, which carries a potential life sentence, and the fact that defendant was not charged with attempted CSC for trying to have the victim perform oral sex on him are additional factors that the court can consider when deciding whether departure is warranted. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding substantial and compelling reasons for departing upward from the guidelines. [Armstrong, supra at 425-426, 636 N.W.2d 785 (citations omitted).]
In the case at bar, there was evidence that defendant performed sexual acts, including forced fellatio, on defenseless four-and five-year-old children, including his own son. This is objective and verifiable. While the guidelines address psychological injury, MCL 777.34 , as noted in Armstrong, and address exploitation of vulnerable [277 Mich.App. 191] victims based on their youth, MCL 777.40 , these provisions are simply inadequate to address the abhorrent nature of the crimes committed by defendant. Taking this and perjury into consideration, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding substantial and compelling reasons for departing from the guidelines, nor was there error with respect to the extent of the departure.
To the extent that some of the court's commentary was improper, we are confident that the court would have departed, and departed to the same degree, on the basis of the substantial and compelling reasons approved of in this opinion. See Babcock, supra at 271, 666 N.W.2d 231 .
Affirmed.
(1) [I]n a criminal case in which the defendant is accused of committing a listed offense against a minor [including criminal sexual conduct], evidence that the defendant committed another listed offense against a minor is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant.