Opinion
1001 KA 12-01480.
10-03-2014
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Nicholas J. JOHNSON, Defendant–Appellant.
The Legal Aid Bureau of Buffalo, Inc., Buffalo (Caitlin M. Connelly of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Frank A. Sedita, III, District Attorney, Buffalo (Michael J. Hillery of Counsel), for Respondent.
The Legal Aid Bureau of Buffalo, Inc., Buffalo (Caitlin M. Connelly of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant.
Frank A. Sedita, III, District Attorney, Buffalo (Michael J. Hillery of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: CENTRA, J.P., FAHEY, WHALEN, AND DeJOSEPH, JJ.
Opinion
MEMORANDUM:On appeal from a judgment convicting him following a nonjury trial of, inter alia, criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree (Penal Law § 265.03[3] ) and criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree (§ 265.02[3] ), defendant contends that Supreme Court erred in admitting DNA test results into evidence because there were gaps in the chain of custody of the gun from which the DNA was recovered. We reject that contention inasmuch as the People provided sufficient assurances of the identity and unchanged condition of the gun (see People v. Julian, 41 N.Y.2d 340, 342–343, 392 N.Y.S.2d 610, 360 N.E.2d 1310 ), and any alleged gaps in the chain of custody went to the weight of the evidence and not its admissibility (see People v. Cleveland, 273 A.D.2d 787, 788, 709 N.Y.S.2d 751, lv. denied 95 N.Y.2d 864, 715 N.Y.S.2d 218, 738 N.E.2d 366 ).
We also reject defendant's contention that the People's evidence at trial impermissibly varied from the indictment and bill of particulars insofar as the People presented evidence of constructive possession of the weapon at issue. Where the People have “specified in the indictment and bill of particulars the manner in which defendant committed the crime, [they are] not free to present evidence at trial that virtually disprove[s] that theory and [to] substitute a different one” (People v. Johnson, 227 A.D.2d 927, 928, 643 N.Y.S.2d 260, lv. denied 88 N.Y.2d 1022, 651 N.Y.S.2d 21, 673 N.E.2d 1248, citing People v. Grega, 72 N.Y.2d 489, 498, 534 N.Y.S.2d 647, 531 N.E.2d 279 ; see also People v. Gunther, 67 A.D.3d 1477, 1478, 888 N.Y.S.2d 842 ). Here, however, the People advanced only a “ broad allegation” of possession prior to trial, one which did not commit them to proving any one theory of possession (see People v. Foley, 210 A.D.2d 163, 163–164, 620 N.Y.S.2d 956, lv. denied 85 N.Y.2d 861, 624 N.Y.S.2d 380, 648 N.E.2d 800 ; cf. Gunther, 67 A.D.3d at 1477–1478, 888 N.Y.S.2d 842 ). At trial, the People presented evidence supporting a theory of constructive possession, and we conclude that such evidence did not impermissibly vary from the bill of particulars, and that defendant was not hampered in his ability to prepare for trial (see People v. Charles, 61 N.Y.2d 321, 327, 473 N.Y.S.2d 941, 462 N.E.2d 118 ).
Contrary to defendant's contention, the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the People (see People v. Contes, 60 N.Y.2d 620, 621, 467 N.Y.S.2d 349, 454 N.E.2d 932 ), is legally sufficient to support the conviction of the weapon charges. Additionally, viewing the evidence in light of the elements of those crimes in this nonjury trial (see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 ), we conclude that the verdict is not against the weight of the evidence (see generally People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 ). Defendant's further contention that prosecutorial misconduct on summation deprived him of a fair trial is not preserved for our review, inasmuch as he failed to object to the allegedly inappropriate statements (see People v. James, 114 A.D.3d 1202, 1206–1207, 980 N.Y.S.2d 645, lv. denied 22 N.Y.3d 1199, 986 N.Y.S.2d 420, 9 N.E.3d 915 ). We decline to exercise our power to review that contention as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice (see CPL 470.15[6][a] ). Finally, we reject defendant's contention that he was denied effective assistance of counsel. Viewing the evidence, the law, and the circumstances of the case, in totality and as of the time of the representation, we conclude that defense counsel provided meaningful representation (see generally People v. Baldi, 54 N.Y.2d 137, 147, 444 N.Y.S.2d 893, 429 N.E.2d 400 ).
All concur except FAHEY, J., who concurs in the result in the following Memorandum:
I respectfully concur in the result reached by the majority, namely, the dismissal of the appeal from the judgment insofar as it imposed sentence on the conviction of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree and the affirmance of the judgment. I write separately, however, to express my concerns with the prosecutor's mischaracterization on summation of the DNA evidence linking defendant to the weapon. Those concerns were fully addressed in another case recently before this Court involving a similar issue (see People v.
Wright, 115 A.D.3d 1257, 1258–1263, 982 N.Y.S.2d 219 [Fahey and Carni, JJ., dissenting], lv. granted 22 N.Y.3d 1204, 986 N.Y.S.2d 424, 9 N.E.3d 919 ). In the present case, the People's forensic expert testified in relevant part that her analysis established only that the DNA recovered from the weapon came from at least four individuals, and that defendant could not be excluded as a contributor to the DNA. In other words, the evidence placed defendant in a class of people that could have contributed to the DNA (see id. at 1262, 986 N.Y.S.2d 424 ). The prosecutor nevertheless argued on summation that the DNA analysis established defendant as the DNA's contributor and that he therefore had possessed the weapon at issue. In my view, the prosecutor's mischaracterization of “evidence of class as evidence of exactitude” was improper (id. ). I concur in the present case because, unlike Wright, the verdict is justified by evidence other than the results of DNA testing, and my review of the evidence establishes that Supreme Court, as the trier of fact, would have reached the same result absent the prosecutor's misconduct (cf. People v. Mott, 94 A.D.2d 415, 419, 465 N.Y.S.2d 307 ; see generally People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 ).
It is hereby ORDERED that said appeal from the judgment insofar as it imposed sentence on the conviction of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree is dismissed and the judgment is otherwise affirmed.