Summary
holding that trial counsel's agreement as to the proposed jury instructions waived the defendant's right to have the jury instructed differently
Summary of this case from People v. MurrayOpinion
No. 223182.
Submitted November 19, 2002, at Lansing.
Decided May 29, 2003, at 9:10 a.m. Updated July 7, 2003.
Appeal from Calhoun Circuit Court, LC No. 99-001205-FC.
Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Susan K. Mladenoff, Prosecuting Attorney, and Jennifer Kay Clark, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by P. E. Bennett) for the defendant on appeal.
Before: NEFF, P.J., and MURPHY and WILDER, JJ.
This case is before this Court on remand from our Supreme Court "for reconsideration in light of" People v Cornell, 466 Mich. 335; 646 N.W.2d 127 (2002). 467 Mich. 888 (2002). On reconsideration, we affirm.
I. Facts and Proceedings
Defendant appealed as of right his jury-trial convictions of first-degree felony murder, MCL 750.316; arson of real property, MCL 750.73; assault with intent to rob while armed, MCL 750.89; and first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC), MCL 750.520b(1)(c). In his appeal, defendant asserted that his statement to the police was coerced and was not voluntary, that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on the crime of second-degree murder, and that his convictions of felony murder and assault with intent to rob while armed constituted a violation of double jeopardy, U.S. Const, Am V; Const. 1963, art. 1, § 15.
We affirmed in part, determining that the trial court did not clearly err in ruling that defendant's statement was voluntary and that double jeopardy did not impede defendant's convictions of both felony murder and assault with intent to rob while armed. People v. Hall, 249 Mich. App. 262, 269, 272-273; 643 N.W.2d 253 (2002). In addition, we reversed defendant's conviction of first-degree felony murder and remanded to the trial court for entry of a conviction of second-degree murder and resentencing on that conviction. In our previous opinion, we noted that defense counsel had agreed that the jury should not be instructed on the lesser included offense of second-degree murder and, thus, appeared to waive any error by the trial court's "failure" in this regard. Id. at 270-271, citing People v. Carter, 462 Mich. 206, 215-218; 612 N.W.2d 144 (2000). We concluded that despite this apparent waiver, nevertheless, we were bound by People v. Jenkins, 395 Mich. 440; 236 N.W.2d 503 (1975), under which the trial court's failure to instruct the jury on second-degree murder required reversal of defendant's first-degree murder conviction. Hall, supra at 271-272. We also invited the Supreme Court to consider the viability of Jenkins under these facts. Id. at 271-272. Both parties sought leave to appeal, and the Supreme Court denied defendant's application and remanded the case for reconsideration in response to the prosecutor's application.
II. Analysis
In Cornell, supra at 357, the Supreme Court held that "a requested instruction on a necessarily included lesser offense is proper if the charged greater offense requires the jury to find a disputed factual element that is not part of the lesser included offense and a rational view of the evidence would support it." The Cornell Court overruled Jenkins to the extent that it conflicts with this holding. Id. at 358. Specifically, while Jenkins required the trial court to always instruct the jury on the necessarily included lesser offense of second-degree murder, even when this instruction is not requested or is objected to, the trial court is no longer automatically required to provide an instruction on second-degree murder when it is unsupported by the evidence, consistent with the truth-seeking function of a trial as expressed in MCL 768.29. Cornell, supra at 357-358 n. 13. The Court also concluded that where a trial court erroneously refuses to give a requested instruction on a necessarily included lesser offense, a harmless-error analysis applies to the instructional error. Id. at 362-363.
Applying Cornell to the facts of this case, because the trial court was not automatically required to instruct the jury on second-degree murder, we find no error in the trial court's failure to do so. At the close of the prosecution's case, defendant moved for a directed verdict with regard to all counts. The trial court granted defendant's motion for a directed verdict on the open-murder count, and after doing so, acknowledged sua sponte that, on the basis of the evidence, it was possible for the prosecution to argue that defendant created a condition that had a very high probability of resulting in death or great bodily harm, i.e., the burning of the building, thus supporting an instruction to the jury on the crime of second-degree murder. However, the trial court inquired of counsel whether, when the open-murder charge had been dismissed, it was appropriate to instruct the jury on second-degree murder. The prosecution suggested that the trial court should not instruct the jury on second-degree murder, and the trial court agreed that this was the better course of action. Defendant also expressly agreed with this approach, suggesting that the prosecution should not be permitted to present both a premeditated-murder theory and a felony-murder theory to the jury.
Although defendant asserts on appeal that defense counsel did not object to the trial court's failure to instruct on second-degree murder, we conclude from the record that defense counsel affirmatively agreed with this decision. Because this is a critical distinction that is important to our analysis, we quote the relevant discussion from the transcript of the proceedings:
The Court: . . . Now I don't know — and this frankly I've never been confronted with before — if there is clearly insufficient evidence to instruct on first degree murder. When the charge is open murder can I and should I instruct on second degree murder only for Count 1?
Mr. Wallace [ the assistant prosecutor]: I guess, your Honor, from the People's perspective, I would say yes you can. But we would be willing to say that you should not at all.
The Court: I think that's the better course of action, Mr. Wallace, I really do. What's your thought, Mr. Eagan, to the contrary?
Mr. Eagan [ defense counsel]: No, your Honor. I agree that it's — I think the elements are the same and that at some point there has to be a selection or an election by the [p]rosecution under which theory they're gonna [sic] go to the jury.
It is apparent from the transcript of the proceedings that defense counsel, perhaps as a matter of strategy, agreed that the trial court should not instruct the jury on the crime of second-degree murder.
As the Supreme Court noted in Carter, supra at 214-215:
The rule that issues for appeal must be preserved in the record by notation of objection is a sound one. People v. Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 762-765; 597 N.W.2d 130 (1999). Counsel may not harbor error as an appellate parachute. People v. Pollick, 448 Mich. 376, 387; 531 N.W.2d 159 (1995), quoting People v. Hardin, 421 Mich. 296, 322-323; 365 N.W.2d 101 (1984). "Deviation from a legal rule is `error' unless the rule has been waived." United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-733; 113 S.Ct. 1770; 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993).
* * *
Waiver has been defined as "the `intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.'" Carines, supra at 762 n. 7, quoting Olano, supra at 733. It differs from forfeiture, which has been explained as "the failure to make the timely assertion of a right." Id. "One who waives his rights under a rule may not then seek appellate review of a claimed deprivation of those rights, for his waiver has extinguished any error." United States v. Griffin, 84 F.3d 912, 924 (CA 7, 1996), citing Olano, supra at 733-734.
Here, it is clear that defendant waived any right he might have had to have the jury instructed on second-degree murder. Because defendant waived this right, there is no error to review. Carter, supra at 219; People v. Riley, 465 Mich. 442, 449; 636 N.W.2d 514 (2001); People v. Tate, 244 Mich. App. 553, 559; 624 N.W.2d 524 (2001).
Affirmed.