Opinion
F071164
11-21-2016
The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Adam Lee GUERRA, Defendant and Appellant.
Stephanie L. Gunther, Bakersfield, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant. Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Catherine Chatman and Jeffrey Grant, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Certified for Partial Publication.
Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of part I.
Stephanie L. Gunther, Bakersfield, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Catherine Chatman and Jeffrey Grant, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
OPINION
KANE, J. INTRODUCTION
At approximately 10:30 p.m. on January 22, 2014, defendant Adam Lee Guerra was driving on the highway in a car with an expired registration tag. A California Highway Patrol officer following behind defendant observed the expired registration tag, verified the registration was expired through his computer, and pulled defendant over. The car had dirty, darkly tinted windows, and after the officer got out of his patrol car to approach the vehicle, he spotted a piece of paper, or "decal," affixed to the left rear windshield. The officer subsequently confirmed the paper was a valid temporary permit allowing the car to be driven lawfully despite the expired license plate tag. Defendant was arrested, however, and charged with three misdemeanors: driving under the influence of alcohol (Veh. Code, § 23152, subd. (a) ); driving with a blood-alcohol level of 0.08 percent or greater (Veh. Code, § 23152, subd. (b) ); and driving on a suspended or revoked license (Veh. Code, § 14601.5, subd. (a) ).
Given the procedural posture of the case at the time of appeal, we are confined to summarizing the background facts from the arresting officer's testimony, which was given at the hearing on defendant's motion to suppress evidence. (Pen. Code, § 1538.5, subd. (a)(1).)
The officer testified the paper should have been placed on the right side of the rear windshield.
Vehicle Code section 23152 has been amended in nonrelevant part. (Assem. Bill No. 2687 (2015–2016 Reg. Sess.) § 1; see Assem. Com. On Public Safety, analysis of Assem. Bill No. 2687 (2015–2016 Reg. Sess.) Apr. 18, 2016 [proposed amendment; "Conforms prohibitions and punishments for drivers that have passengers for hire when they commit specified offenses related to Driving Under the Influence (DUI) to ensure consistent treatment with commercial drivers."].)
Prior to trial, defendant brought a motion to suppress evidence pursuant to Penal Code section 1538.5, subdivision (a)(1), on the ground that his detention violated his rights under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The trial court granted the motion and pursuant to section 1538.5, subdivision (j), the People filed an appeal with the Appellate Division of the Kern County Superior Court (appellate division). The appellate division summarily reversed the trial court's ruling in a minute order and defendant then filed an application to certify the matter for transfer to the appellate court, pursuant to the California Rules of Court, rule 8.1005(b). After the application was denied by operation of law (rule 8.1005(b)(5) ), defendant filed a petition for transfer with this court (rule 8.1006(a) ).Following review, defendant's petition was granted and the parties were directed to brief four issues: the appealability of the trial court's order granting defendant's motion to suppress, the effect of the appellate division's order reversing the trial court without opinion or statement of reasons, whether the parties limited the scope of the motion to suppress by stipulation, and the validity of defendant's detention by the officer.
All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
All further references to rules are to the California Rules of Court unless otherwise specified.
"The appellate division may certify a case for transfer to the Court of Appeal on its own motion or on a party's application if it determines that transfer is necessary to secure uniformity of decision or to settle an important question of law." (Rule 8.1005(a)(1).)
We find the People had the right to appeal the trial court's ruling on defendant's motion to suppress pursuant to section 1538.5, subdivision (j). Further, in an issue of first impression, we find (1) the appellate division was required by Code of Civil Procedure section 77, subdivision (d), to issue a brief statement of the reasons for its judgment and (2) this statutory requirement does not conflict with rule 8.887(a), which relieves appellate divisions from having to issue written opinions. Given these findings, we remand this case to the appellate division to issue an amended order that complies with Code of Civil Procedure section 77, subdivision (d). In light of this disposition, we do not reach the remaining issues relating to the merits of defendant's motion to suppress.
DISCUSSION
I. Right to Appeal Ruling on Suppression Motion
See footnote *, ante .
II. Appellate Division's Failure to Issue Statement of Reasons for Ruling
Defendant argues the appellate division erred when it failed to include a statement of its reasons for reversing the trial court with its judgment, as required by Code of Civil Procedure section 77, subdivision (d). The People agree the statute required the appellate division to issue a brief statement of reasons for the judgment. In addition, both parties identify a potential conflict between the statute and rule 8.887(a).
A. Statutory Requirement
Code of Civil Procedure section 77 concerns appellate divisions of superior courts. Effective January 1, 2015, section 77, subdivision (d), of the Code of Civil Procedure was amended to add the following requirement: "A judgment of the appellate division in an appeal shall contain a brief statement of the reasons for the judgment. A judgment stating only ‘affirmed’ or ‘reversed’ is insufficient." Shortly thereafter, in February 2015, the appellate division issued a minute order reversing the trial court's order granting defendant's motion to suppress, without providing any statement of reasons.
Code of Civil Procedure section 77, subdivision (c), was amended effective June 27, 2016, to substitute "Department of General Services" for "California Victim Compensation and Government Claims Board." (Stats. 2016, ch. 31, § 10; Sen. Bill No. 836 (2015–2016 Reg. Sess.) §§ 10, 290.)
"If there is no ambiguity, then we presume the lawmakers meant what they said, and the plain meaning of the language governs." (Day v. City of Fontana (2001) 25 Cal.4th 268, 272, 105 Cal.Rptr.2d 457, 19 P.3d 1196 ; In re Gilbert R. (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 514, 519, 149 Cal.Rptr.3d 608.) The order, stating only that the trial court's judgment was reversed, violated the plain language of Code of Civil Procedure section 77, subdivision (d). There is no dispute between the parties on this point and we can discern no basis for a legitimate argument to the contrary. (See In re Gilbert R. , supra , at p. 519, 149 Cal.Rptr.3d 608 [finding statutory definition and exempting language "quite clear"].)
Our task, then, is to determine whether there is a conflict between the statutory requirement that the appellate division's judgment be accompanied by a brief statement of reasons and rule 8.887(a), which provides, "Appellate division judges are not required to prepare a written opinion in any case but may do so when they deem it advisable or in the public interest...." In what appears to be an issue of first impression, we conclude there is no conflict.
B. Brief Statement of Reasons Versus Written Opinion
Questions of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo. (John v. Superior Court (2016) 63 Cal.4th 91, 95, 201 Cal.Rptr.3d 459, 369 P.3d 238 ; James v. State of California (2014) 229 Cal.App.4th 130, 136, 176 Cal.Rptr.3d 806.)
"Rules promulgated by the Judicial Council may not conflict with governing statutes. [Citation.] If a rule is inconsistent with a statute, the statute controls." (Hess v. Ford Motor Co. (2002) 27 Cal.4th 516, 532, 117 Cal.Rptr.2d 220, 41 P.3d 46 ; In re Richard S. (1991) 54 Cal.3d 857, 863, 2 Cal.Rptr.2d 2, 819 P.2d 843.) "In this context, a rule is inconsistent with a statute if it conflicts with either the statute's express language or its underlying legislative intent." (In re Alonzo J. (2014) 58 Cal.4th 924, 937, 169 Cal.Rptr.3d 661, 320 P.3d 1127.)
The well-settled rules of statutory construction also apply to the California Rules of Court. (Alan v. American Honda Motor Co., Inc. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 894, 902, 55 Cal.Rptr.3d 534, 152 P.3d 1109 ; In re Travis J. (2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 187, 196, 165 Cal.Rptr.3d 635 ; Thiara v. Pacific Coast Khalsa Diwan Society (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 51, 56, 105 Cal.Rptr.3d 333.) " ‘Our primary task in interpreting a statute is to determine the Legislature's intent, giving effect to the law's purpose. [Citation.] We consider first the words of a statute, as the most reliable indicator of legislative intent. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] We construe the statute's words in context, and harmonize statutory provisions to avoid absurd results. [Citation.] If we find the statutory language ambiguous or subject to more than one interpretation, we may look to extrinsic aids, including legislative history or purpose to inform our views. [Citation.] We also strive to avoid construing ambiguous statutes in a manner that creates doubts as to their validity." (John v. Superior Court , supra , 63 Cal.4th at pp. 95–96, 201 Cal.Rptr.3d 459, 369 P.3d 238 ; DiCampli–Mintz v. County of Santa Clara (2012) 55 Cal.4th 983, 992, 150 Cal.Rptr.3d 111, 289 P.3d 884 ; In re Alonzo J. , supra , 58 Cal.4th at p. 933, 169 Cal.Rptr.3d 661, 320 P.3d 1127 ; Thiara v. Pacific Coast Khalsa Diwan Society , supra , at pp. 56–57, 105 Cal.Rptr.3d 333.)
In our view, a "written opinion" (rule 8.887(a)) generally connotes something more than "a brief statement of the reasons for the judgment" (Code Civ. Proc., § 77, subd. (d) ). Written opinions and judgments are both terms of art. In the legal context, Black's Law Dictionary (9th ed. 2009) at page 1201 defines an opinion as "[a] court's written statement explaining its decision in a given case, usu. including the statement of facts, points of law, rationale, and dicta." (See Ross v. Blake (2016) ––– U.S. ––––, 136 S.Ct. 1850, 1858–1859, 195 L.Ed.2d 117 [considering ordinary meaning of statutory language by reference to dictionaries]; see People v. Castillolopez (2016) 63 Cal.4th 322, 327, 202 Cal.Rptr.3d 703, 371 P.3d 216 [same]; see also People v. Casarez (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 1173, 1184–1185, 138 Cal.Rptr.3d 178 [same].) Webster's New World Dictionary (2d college ed. 1982) at page 997 defines an opinion in law as "the formal statement by a judge, court referee, etc. of the law bearing on a case." In contrast, a judgment is defined as "[a] court's final determination of the rights and obligations of the parties in a case" (Black's Law Dict., supra , at p. 918), or "a legal decision; order, decree, or sentence given by a judge or law court" (Webster's New World Dict., supra , at p. 763).
A distinction between a summary order or judgment and a written opinion has long been recognized under the law. (See Johnson v. Williams (2013) –––U.S. ––––, 133 S.Ct. 1088, 1095–1096, 185 L.Ed.2d 105 ; People v. Kelly (2006) 40 Cal.4th 106, 117, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 98, 146 P.3d 547 (Kelly ); In re Rose (2000) 22 Cal.4th 430, 436, 93 Cal.Rptr.2d 298, 993 P.2d 956 ; Frisk v. Superior Court (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 402, 414–415, 132 Cal.Rptr.3d 602.) The California Constitution provides that "[d]ecisions of the Supreme Court and courts of appeal that determine causes shall be in writing with reasons stated." (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 14 ; Kelly , supra , at p. 109, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 98, 146 P.3d 547.) In determining whether judgment in a Wende appeal disposed of a "cause" (Kelly , supra , at p. 109, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 98, 146 P.3d 547 ) and, therefore, required a written opinion under this constitutional provision, the California Supreme Court observed that "the requirement of a written opinion promotes a careful examination of the facts and the legal issues, and a result supported by law and reason" (id. at p. 117, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 98, 146 P.3d 547 ). The court then held that Wende appeals must be resolved in a written opinion that "describes the contentions personally raised by the defendant and the reasons those contentions fail," "a brief description of the underlying facts, the procedural history, the crimes of which the defendant was convicted, and the punishment imposed," along with "any further information [courts] deem appropriate." (Kelly , supra , at p. 124, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 98, 146 P.3d 547.)
People v. Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436, 158 Cal.Rptr. 839, 600 P.2d 1071 (Wende ).
Recognizing the distinction between a "written opinion" as set forth in rule 8.887, and "[a] judgment ... contain[ing] a brief statement of the reasons for the judgment" as set forth in Code of Civil Procedure section 77, subdivision (d), also comports with legislative intent. The statutory amendment, which was unopposed, was authored and sponsored by the Conference of California Bar Associations because "[e]xisiting statutory law says very little about how the appellate division should operate," and its orders "too often ... leave[ ] litigants with little understanding of why they won or lost their case." (Assem. Com. on Judiciary, analysis of Assem. Bill No. 1932 (2013–2014 Reg. Sess.) Mar. 28, 2014, p. 1.) Subsequent analysis specified more precisely that the amendment was proposed to "improve the public's understanding of decisions by the appellate divisions of superior courts" through the preclusion of one word affirmances or reversals, which were contributing to the public's lack of confidence in those decisions and to confusion resulting from the lack of any explanation. (Sen. Com. on Judiciary, com. on Assem. Bill No. 1932 (2013–2014 Reg. Sess.) June 19, 2014, p. 2.) Per the analyses, "[t]he issuance of one-word decisions by appellate divisions does not inspire confidence in these appeals because the litigants, a significant number of whom are self-represented, have no idea how or why the appellate division reached its decision. Decisions without explanation tend to make these litigants believe the court did not give them due consideration because of their self-represented status. While the appeals in question don't necessarily involve the most serious of cases, they do have considerable implications for the individuals involved." (Sen. Rules Com., Off. of Sen. Floor Analyses, analysis of Assem. Bill No. 1932 (2013–2014 Reg. Sess.) June 12, 2014, p. 2; Sen. Com. on Judiciary, com. on Assem. Bill No. 1932 (2013–2014 Reg. Sess.) June 19, 2014, p. 2.)A potential concern was an increased burden on the courts, and the proposed amendment sought to impose only a minimal explanation requirement. (Assem. Com. on Judiciary, analysis of Assem. Bill No. 1932 (2013–2014 Reg. Sess.) Mar. 28, 2014, p. 2.) Examples of what would suffice as a brief explanation of a ruling were presented in the form of tentative rulings between two and eight sentences in length, most of which were two sentences and none of which was more than one paragraph. (Ibid. ) The bill's sponsor and author explained that "the value of any minimal additional time or effort expended in providing even a cursory explanation of [the] decision should be more than offset by enhanced public respect for the courts," and "however minimal," the inclusion of additional information would benefit all litigants. (Ibid. )
Although the legislative history contains no discussion of the term "judgment" versus the term "written opinion," the Legislature was aware of a potential for conflict between the proposed statutory amendment and rule 8.887(a), and the possibility that the rule might require amendment. Given this awareness and the focus on keeping the explanation minimal, recognizing a distinction between "a brief statement of the reasons for the judgment" (Code Civ. Proc., § 77, subd. (d) ) and "written opinion" (rule 8.887(a)) permits harmonization of the statutory requirement and the rule of court while maintaining consistency with the plain language of the statute and comporting with legislative intent.
We therefore conclude the statutory requirement of a brief statement of reasons in support of a judgment does not conflict with rule 8.887(a)), relieving appellate divisions of having to issue written opinions in cases.
Appellate divisions may, of course, continue to elect to issue written opinions "when they deem it advisable or in the public interest." (Rule 8.887(a).)
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DISPOSITION
In light of its failure to comply with Code of Civil Procedure section 77, subdivision (d), we remand this matter to the appellate division of the trial court to issue a new order that shall include a brief statement of reasons for its ruling on the issues presented to it by the parties. Given this disposition, we need not reach the remaining issues briefed by the parties on this appeal.
WE CONCUR:
LEVY, Acting P.J.
DETJEN, J.