Opinion
August 14, 1924.
John C. Curtin, for the motion.
Joab H. Banton, district attorney ( Felix C. Benvenga and William R. Maloney, assistant district attorneys, of counsel), opposed.
The testimony of the defendant Bentley before a referee in bankruptcy was received and used by the grand jury as evidence against him to establish the falsity of the statements and representations set forth in the indictment with respect to securities of a corporation offered to the public for sale and distribution.
It is contended that the admission of Bentley's testimony given in the bankruptcy proceeding prejudiced his rights before the grand jury and that it was received in violation of subdivision 9 of section 7 of the Bankruptcy Act, which, among other things, provides as follows: "But no testimony given by him [bankrupt] shall be offered in evidence against him in any criminal proceeding."
This ground of objection is well taken. In People v. Donnenfeld, 198 A.D. 918; affd., 233 N.Y. 526, the court said: "The examination of defendant in reference to the testimony given by him in the bankruptcy proceedings, over the objection and exception of his counsel, was prejudicial error; the testimony being received in violation of section 7, subdivision 9, of the Bankruptcy Act. (See 30 U.S. Stat. at Large, 548, § 7, subd. 9.) "This decision was affirmed by the Court of Appeals without any opinion.
It is urged by the district attorney that, inasmuch as no opinion was written by the Court of Appeals, it is doubtful whether that learned tribunal considered those cases where a person gives testimony under the ægis of an immunity statute either in the federal or state courts and where such immunity is confined solely to the particular sovereignty and does not extend beyond its jurisdiction ( Jack v. Kansas, 199 U.S. 372; Hale v. Henkel, 201 id. 43; Queen v. Boyes, 1 B. S. 311; King of the Two Sicilies v. Willcox, 7 State Trials (N.S.), 1049, 1068; State v. March, 1 Jones (N.C.), 526; State v. Thomas, 98 N.C. 599; Brown v. Walker, 161 U.S. 591; Matter of Werner, 167 A.D. 384; People ex rel. Morse v. Nussbaum, 55 id. 245; revd. on other grounds, 168 N.Y. 89) and that had the Court of Appeals followed these cases supra, it is most likely that it would not have affirmed the decision of the Appellate Division.
I have no right to assume that the court of last resort in passing upon the effect of the testimony given by a bankrupt failed to consider the leading cases dealing with immunity provisions. To my mind, the cases cited by the learned district attorney are not applicable to the question submitted for determination, for the reason that under the Constitution of the United States (Art. I, § 8, subd. 4) it is provided that the congress shall have the power to establish "uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States," and, to give effect to the Bankruptcy Act, it seems to me that the congress was vested with power to provide that no testimony given by a bankrupt "shall be offered in evidence against him in any criminal proceeding." The Bankruptcy Act being the supreme law of the land, is binding on both the state and federal courts.
The provision of section 7 of the Bankruptcy Act is not a substitute for the Fifth Amendment ( Arndstein v. McCarthy, 254 U.S. 71); it "goes beyond and outside of the Fifth Amendment." Johnson v. U.S., 163 F. 30, 32. The Bankruptcy Act (§ 7) does not declare that the bankrupt shall be exempt from prosecution, "but only, in a case of prosecution, his testimony cannot be used against him. The two things are different and cannot be confounded." Burrell v. Montana, 194 U.S. 572, 578.
While in Matter of Nachman, 114 F. 995, a district judge held that the bankruptcy provision (§ 7, supra) only protects the bankrupt against the use of his testimony in a prosecution in the courts of the United States, and that his testimony can not be used in a prosecution against him instituted in the state courts because such courts are not created by acts of congress, nevertheless, the better view upholds the doctrine announced in the Donnenfeld, case to the effect that this provision is binding upon the state courts. People v. Lay, 193 Mich. 17; People v. Lay, 193 Mich. 476; Clark v. State, 68 Fla. 433; People v. Donnenfeld, supra; United States v. Goldstein, 132 F. 789, 791.
Having reached the conclusion that the grand jury was without authority to consider Bentley's testimony in the bankruptcy proceeding, and there being no other evidence to sustain the indictment, which was founded principally upon Bentley's testimony, the motion to set aside the indictment is, therefore, granted.
Motion to set aside indictment granted, with leave to the district attorney to resubmit the charge to the same or another grand jury.
Ordered accordingly.