Opinion
Docket Nos. 25343, 25344, 25345, 26553.
Decided December 10, 1976. Leave to appeal applied for.
Appeal from Oakland, Richard D. Kuhn, J. Submitted June 8, 1976, at Lansing. (Docket Nos. 25343, 25344, 25345, 26553.) Decided December 10, 1976. Leave to appeal applied for.
Juanrico Clark was convicted, on his pleas of guilty, of four charges of breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit larceny. Defendant appeals by leave granted. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, L. Brooks Patterson, Prosecuting Attorney, Robert C. Williams, Chief Appellate Counsel, and James L. McCarthy, Assistant Appellate Counsel, for the people.
Keller Avadenka P.C., for defendant on appeal.
I adopt the facts from Judge CAVANAGH'S dissenting opinion.
The defendant seeks to withdraw his four guilty pleas. He contends that the plea transcripts do not disclose the entire plea agreement. That portion of the plea agreement not on the record is a purported agreement by the defendant to cooperate with the FBI in certain narcotics investigations. In return for the defendant's cooperation it is alleged that the FBI agreed to urge the prosecutor to recommend a more lenient sentence.
GCR 1963, 785.7(2)(b) requires that the plea agreement be stated on the record. The purpose for placing the agreement on the record is to aid the reviewing court in determining whether all attendant promises have been satisfied. People v Hubbard, 57 Mich. App. 542, 547; 226 N.W.2d 557 (1975), vacated 395 Mich. 801 (1975), People v Otha Edwards, 58 Mich. App. 196, 199; 227 N.W.2d 290 (1975), lv den 395 Mich. 820 (1975).
In the case at bar the record reveals that the defendant did not comply with the purported plea agreement. His motion to withdraw his guilty pleas was an attempt to extricate himself from an alleged plea bargain that he breached. This is readily apparent from the colloquy between the court and the defendant at the sentencing proceedings:
"The Court: Mr. Clark.
"Defendant Clark: Well, at the time of the plea bargaining it was an agreement with the law agency that I was to co-operate with them and failure to do so on my behalf. I feel that at this time I wish to withdraw all four motions for the plea and stand trial.
"The Court: For what reason?
"Defendant Clark: I want a jury. I want a jury. I withdraw my plea.
"The Court: What was improper about the pleas that you gave to this Court?
"Defendant Clark: Well, two or three reasons. Mainly the fact that I felt that it wasn't any plea bargaining, you know, on my behalf, you know.
"The Court: Specifically what do you mean?
"Defendant Clark: For me, I want to withdraw my plea of guilty to not guilty.
"The Court: I am asking you for what reason.
"Defendant Clark: Well, the reasons were at the time I was approached by the F.B.I. to co-operate with them and that the stipulation would be that they would get my bond reduced and get me out on bond, and to plead to the charge, but failure to do so, your [sic] know, nothing accomplished by that. They were supposed to have everything taken care of if I would have co-operated, but I failed to do so, I feel that I would like to withdraw my plea." (Emphasis supplied.)
Following this colloquy defense counsel conceded that the government had not breached the plea agreement.
"The Court: Do you know anything in the plea bargaining as to this plea that were [sic] violated?
"Mr. Brown: (Defense counsel) Nothing comes to my mind."
A remand to have the plea agreement placed on the record for the benefit of this Court is unnecessary. Accepting as true defendant's assertions regarding the missing portions of the plea agreement, the defendant unequivocally admitted on the record that he breached the plea agreement. The FBI's obligation to urge the prosecutor to recommend a lighter sentence never arose, because the defendant never satisfied the condition precedent of cooperating with that law enforcement agency.
The defendant has accompanied his brief with a sworn affidavit alleging certain cooperation with the FBI. A single affidavit is insufficient to remand or reverse a plea of guilty. People v Rodriguez, 61 Mich. App. 42; 232 N.W.2d 293 (1975). The application of this rule seems particularly appropriate to this situation, in light of defendant's clear admission on the record that he did not cooperate with the FBI.
The cases of People v Christian, 68 Mich. App. 480; 242 N.W.2d 813 (1976), and People v Rodriguez, supra, are easily distinguishable. In both of those cases there existed the possibility that the defendants were entitled to some unfulfilled promises. That is not the situation here.
Nor do I agree that a remand merely to place the plea agreement on the record is required at all times. Although People v Strong, 59 Mich. App. 159, 162; 229 N.W.2d 354 (1975), supports such a proposition, it's validity is suspect today. Strong was decided in light of People v Shekoski, 393 Mich. 134; 224 N.W.2d 656 (1974), which required strict compliance with the court rule. In Guilty Pleas Cases, 395 Mich. 96, 113; 235 N.W.2d 132 (1975), the Michigan Supreme Court modified Shekoski. It stated that whether a particular departure from GCR 1963, 785.7 justified or required reversal or remand for additional proceedings depended on the nature of noncompliance.
In the instant case the apparent reason for not placing the entire plea agreement on the record was to protect the defendant's cover. This may or may not be an appropriate reason for omitting a portion of the plea agreement. In any event, in view of the defendant's admission of non-cooperation, it is unnecessary to remand to have the plea agreement placed on the record.
The remaining issue raised by the defendant is without merit. See People v Moore, 60 Mich. App. 1, 3-4; 230 N.W.2d 281 (1975).
Affirmed.
I would not set aside the plea nor remand for an evidentiary hearing. I concur with Judge BASHARA, but would go further and estop the defendant, his attorney and the prosecutor from denying by affidavit or testimony the truth of the statements made in court for the express purpose of inducing the court to accept the plea. To permit this is to use the solemn requirements of the plea processes as handcrafted by the Supreme Court to perpetrate a fraud upon the court. It denigrates the judicial process. Further amplification of this writer's reasons appear in the majority opinion in People v Serr, 73 Mich. App. 19; ___ N.W.2d ___ (1976).
Defendant appeals by leave granted from the refusal of the trial judge to grant defendant's motion to withdraw his guilty pleas to four charges of breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit a larceny. MCLA 750.110; MSA 28.305. Just prior to sentencing, he asked that the pleas be set aside, but this request was denied and defendant was sentenced to concurrent terms of 9 to 15 years in prison.
At each proceeding, defendant was advised of all his rights pursuant to GCR 1963, 785.7(1), and a factual basis was elicited for each crime. At each proceeding, all the parties acknowledged that the terms of the agreement were that two bonds would be reduced to personal bonds, a third bond would be $1,000 cash or surety, and the remaining bond would be $500 cash or surety. Upon inquiries by the trial judge, the defendant stated each time that no other promises had been made except those stated on the record.
However, at the sentencing proceeding, defendant stated that he wished to withdraw his pleas and wanted a jury trial. He alleged that there had been an agreement with the FBI to the effect that he would cooperate with them and they would get his bond reduced and advise the judge of his cooperation. While defendant's statements suggest that he may not have fulfilled his part of this newly disclosed bargain, the prosecutor himself acknowledged that there was more to the agreement than the reduction of bond. He admitted that there was some understanding that if defendant helped the police, the FBI "would check on behalf of him * * * ". However, he did not know what had happened. The trial judge denied defendant's motion.
While there is no absolute right to withdraw a guilty plea, the trial judge's discretion "should be exercised with great liberality * * * " when the defendant is seeking to withdraw such a plea prior to sentencing, and should be granted unless the grounds therefor are frivolous. People v Zaleski, 375 Mich. 71, 79; 133 N.W.2d 175 (1965). While a single affidavit on defendant's behalf will not cause this Court to remand for an evidentiary hearing or reverse a guilty plea, People v Rodriguez, 61 Mich. App. 42, 47-49; 232 N.W.2d 293 (1975), where the record indicates that the plea may be infirm because of unfulfilled or unstated promises to defendant, we should remand for an evidentiary hearing. See People v Christian, 68 Mich. App. 480; 242 N.W.2d 813 (1976).
In this case, defendant has not only submitted a detailed affidavit (to the effect that the FBI sought his cooperation in apprehending some drug dealers, promised to aid in sentencing, and received his cooperation), but brought his contentions to the attention of the sentencing judge. The prosecutor himself acknowledged that the FBI was involved. The record indicates that there may very well have been a violation of GCR 1963, 785.7(2), which requires that all plea bargain agreements be stated on the record and acknowledged by all the parties. I would remand for a hearing in order to set the whole plea agreement on the record. Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich. 96, 127; 235 N.W.2d 132 (1975). See also People v Thomas, 66 Mich. App. 594; 239 N.W.2d 427 (1976), lv den, 396 Mich. 866 (1976). That defendant may not have cooperated with the FBI in this case (as the prosecutor contends) does not alter the fact that the precise terms of the agreement must be discovered. See People v Strong, 59 Mich. App. 159, 162; 229 N.W.2d 354 (1975). If, after the hearing, the judge determines that defendant did not keep his part of the bargain, the convictions may be affirmed. If, however, the judge determines that defendant did cooperate but the law enforcement officials reneged on their promise to advise the court of defendant's cooperation, then the judge should permit defendant to withdraw his pleas of guilty. Guilty Plea Cases, supra.