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holding that "a defendant has a legitimate expectation of privacy in his person and clothing"
Summary of this case from Sheler v. CommonwealthOpinion
Docket No. 51987.
Decided November 2, 1981.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward Reilly Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and Timothy C. Scallen, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Mitchell G. Howard, for defendants Chernowas.
The people appeal from two orders entered on April 10, 1980, in the Detroit Recorder's Court suppressing certain statements and physical evidence and dismissing the charges brought against all defendants. Each defendant had been charged with carrying a concealed weapon, MCL 750.227; MSA 28.424.
The facts are not in dispute. On February 29, 1980, at approximately 3:40 a.m., Michigan State Police Troopers Gary Bland and Larry Waldron stopped defendants' automobile on west-bound I-94 for excessive noise and a missing brake light. Defendant Hernandez was driving the vehicle and defendants Chernowas were passengers.
As Waldron approached, Hernandez exited from the car. The pair met near the rear of the auto. Trooper Waldron detected a "strong odor" which he believed to be marijuana smoke. Consequently, he asked Hernandez if he had been smoking marijuana. Hernandez answered, "yes". Waldron then asked him if there was any more marijuana in the vehicle. Hernandez replied that he did not think so. Prior to the questioning, Waldron had not advised Hernandez of his Miranda rights.
Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694; 10 ALR3d 974 (1966).
Due to Hernandez's statements, Officer Bland asked the Chernowases for identification. Neither could produce any, so Bland asked them to leave the car. He then looked into the vehicle and saw a brown paper bag lying on the rear seat. He entered the vehicle, looked into the bag, and saw a plastic container containing what he believed to be marijuana. While leaving the vehicle, he observed the butt of a gun protruding from under the front passenger seat. He ultimately discovered a loaded .357 magnum and a .45-caliber automatic under the seat. Consequently, the defendants were arrested.
Another state trooper on patrol, Shelby Slater, stopped to give assistance. Slater searched James Chernowas and found a loaded gun on his person.
The trial court relied on testimony taken at the preliminary examination. The exclusive reliance of the courts on preliminary examination transcripts when considering questions involving the admissibility of evidence was condemned in People v Talley, 410 Mich. 378; 301 N.W.2d 809 (1981). Here, there was not exclusive reliance on the examination transcripts, extensive argument having been heard at the suppression hearing. The suppression hearing in this case was held prior to the decisional date of Talley. Furthermore, unlike Talley, the facts were not in dispute and the issue was solely a legal one to be resolved by the court. See, generally, People v Clement, 107 Mich. App. 283, 285, fn 2; 309 N.W.2d 236 (1981).
The people first allege that under the holding of Rakas v Illinois, 439 U.S. 128; 99 S Ct 421; 58 L Ed 2d 387 (1978), defendants did not have standing to challenge the search. We decline to address the merits of this claim because it is raised for the first time on appeal and because the record is not sufficiently developed to resolve the issue of whether the defendants had a "legitimate expectation of privacy" in the searched premises under Rakas. We do note, however, that the charge against James Chernowas resulted from evidence actually removed from his person. Even under Rakas, a defendant has a legitimate expectation of privacy in his person and clothing.
We further question the applicability of Rakas in Michigan. In certain respects, Michigan constitutional law provides greater protection to its citizenry to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures than does federal constitutional law. See, People v Nabers, 103 Mich. App. 354, 375; 303 N.W.2d 205 (1981), rev'd in part on other grounds 411 Mich. 1046 (1981). We note that the Michigan Supreme Court has never cited Rakas as authority for the proposition that a defendant has no standing to challenge the legality of a search. In People v Beavers, 393 Mich. 554; 227 N.W.2d 511 (1975), cert den 423 U.S. 878; 96 S Ct 152; 46 L Ed 2d 111 (1975), the Michigan Supreme Court rejected United States v White, 401 U.S. 745; 91 S Ct 1122; 28 L Ed 2d 453 (1971), as controlling in Michigan. In Beavers, the Court decided as a matter of Michigan constitutional law that a person's reasonable expectation of privacy precluded the possibility that communications directed in private to one person could be simultaneously intercepted electronically by a third person. The United States Supreme Court in White had reached the opposite conclusion.
Rakas equates a "legitimate expectation of privacy" with proprietary rights. The dissent in Rakas was unable to see the logic behind the Rakas holding that a person who is legitimately on the premises when the search occurred does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in respect to everybody except the owner of the premises. We believe the dissent's position is well taken. We urge the Michigan Supreme Court to address the applicability of Rakas in Michigan at its earliest opportunity.
On the merits of this case, we believe the lower court properly suppressed the evidence in issue. In our opinion, this case is indistinguishable from People v Hilber, 69 Mich. App. 664; 245 N.W.2d 156 (1976), aff'd 403 Mich. 312; 269 N.W.2d 159 (1978). In Hilber, the defendant was stopped for speeding. As a state trooper spoke with defendant, the officer smelled the odor of burned marijuana. The trooper asked whether there was any more marijuana in the car. At this point, defendant handed the officer a package of cigarettes containing marijuana. This Court upheld the lower court's suppression of the marijuana as a product of improper questioning in violation of Miranda. Here, the immediate product of the improper questioning was Hernandez's statement that he had been smoking marijuana. Thus, the statements were properly suppressed.
In the Supreme Court opinion in Hilber, the Court held that the odor of marijuana smoke by itself was insufficient to constitute probable cause to search a vehicle. In this case, as in Hilber, if Hernandez's statements are suppressed, the sole basis for the search was the smell of burned marijuana. Indeed, on appeal, the people's argument for admissibility is premised on probable cause being established by the odor and the incriminating statements.
The discovery of the guns occurred during the course of an illegal search. As such, they constituted the "fruit of the poisonous tree" and were properly suppressed. Wong Sun v United States, 371 U.S. 471; 83 S Ct 407; 9 L Ed 2d 441 (1963), Hilber, supra, 667.
All of the authority cited by the people is inapposite as will be briefly discussed. In both People v Dorner, 66 Mich. App. 298; 238 N.W.2d 845 (1975), and People v Dunlap, 82 Mich. App. 171; 266 N.W.2d 637 (1978), the questioning by the police was of a general investigatory nature where it was unclear whether any crime had been committed. The odor of the marijuana in this case, however, immediately made defendants the focus of a criminal investigation.
Michigan constitutional law provides that Miranda warnings must be given when the police investigation focuses on the accused. People v Reed, 393 Mich. 342, 357-360; 224 N.W.2d 867 (1975), cert den 422 U.S. 1044; 95 S Ct 2660; 45 L Ed 2d 696 (1975), People v Ridley, 396 Mich. 603, 606-609; 242 N.W.2d 402 (1976), People v Brannan, 406 Mich. 104, 118-120; 276 N.W.2d 14 (1979). Although some panels of this Court have refused to apply the focus test in light of United States Supreme Court decisions holding that custody triggers the requirement of Miranda warnings, e.g., People v Schram, 98 Mich. App. 292, 306-307; 296 N.W.2d 840 (1980), this position ignores the fact that the Michigan Supreme Court has continued to use the focus test long after the decisions in Beckwith v United States, 425 U.S. 341; 96 S Ct 1612; 48 L Ed 2d 1 (1976), and Oregon v Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492; 97 S Ct 711; 50 L Ed 2d 714 (1977). To hold that custody triggers Miranda is to assume that the Michigan Supreme Court was unaware of Beckwith and Mathiason when it decided Brannan. See, People v Wallach, 110 Mich. App. 37; 312 N.W.2d 387 (1981).
The people also cite People v Rembo, 73 Mich. App. 339; 251 N.W.2d 577 (1977), People v Ridgeway, 74 Mich. App. 306; 253 N.W.2d 743 (1977), lv den 401 Mich. 831 (1977), and People v Robert L Thompson, 81 Mich. App. 54; 264 N.W.2d 118 (1978), for the proposition that the combination of the odor and statements satisfied the probable cause requirement. In Rembo, the defendant, while being arrested for driving while intoxicated, volunteered the information that he had been smoking a "joint". While defendant exited from the car, the police observed a prescription bottle in the front seat and the odor of marijuana in the vehicle. The result in the instant case would be different if, without interrogation, Hernandez had stated he had been smoking marijuana. In Ridgeway, the Court said probable cause was present where the officers smelled burning marijuana and observed a tinfoil packet in the vehicle which they knew from experience often contained narcotics. Here, unlike Ridgeway, there was nothing but the smoke to justify the search, if Hernandez's statements are suppressed. The Ridgeway Court also noted that the issue they were presented with was "extremely close". Id., 314. It appears that Ridgeway represents the outer boundaries of admissibility. In Robert L Thompson, the police arrested defendant when they smelled burning marijuana. Thereafter, they searched defendant's person and found six marijuana cigarettes as well as a large sum of money. The Court determined that probable cause to search the vehicle existed because of the marijuana odor and the items uncovered during the lawful arrest. Once again, this case is distinguishable. Here the police admitted that they did not suspect contraband in the vehicle until after the illegal questioning occurred.
Affirmed.