People for the American Way v. U.S. Dept. of Educ

Full title: PEOPLE FOR THE AMERICAN WAY FOUNDATION, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES…

Court: United States District Court, D. Columbia

Date published: Sep 26, 2007

516 F. Supp. 2d 28 (D.D.C. 2007)

Opinion

Civil Action No. 05-751 (CKK).

September 26, 2007.

David W. Debruin, Jenner Block, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.

John C. Truong, U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia, Washington, DC, for Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

COLLEEN KOLLAR- KOTELLY, District Judge.

Plaintiff, People for the American Way Foundation (hereinafter, "PFAWF"), filed this suit pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act ("FOIA") against Defendant, the United States Department of Education (hereinafter, "DOED" or "the Department"), requesting that DOED disclose and release various categories of documents related to a federally-funded school voucher program in the District of Columbia. Presently before the Court are the Parties' cross-motions for summary judgment, which have been fully briefed. Based on the aforementioned filings and the relevant statutes and case law, the Court shall GRANT Plaintiff's [24] Motion for Summary Judgment and DENY Defendant's [29] Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment. Accordingly, by October 19, 2007, Defendant shall release any previously withheld (1) communications between DOED and the Washington Scholarship Fund ("WSF"); (2) communications between DOED and the District of Columbia Mayor's Office; and (3) communications between DOED and Westat and/or Georgetown University. Furthermore, by November 16, 2007, Defendant shall submit a new Vaughn index with respect to the presumably small subset of documents still withheld (those including internal DOED deliberations, either on their own or within communications between DOED and WSF) including the following information: (1) for documents including communications between DOED and WSF that have been segregated, the Vaughn index shall include the names and affiliations of all senders and recipients for each redacted portion of the document as well as an explanation as to why the redacted portions are both predecisional and deliberative; (2) for documents including communications between DOED and WSF that have been withheld in full because segregation would allegedly reveal DOED's deliberative process, the Vaughn index shall include the names and affiliations of all senders and recipients for the entire document, as well as an explanation of both why portions of the document are both predecisional and deliberative and why segregation is not feasible; and (3) for documents that are purely internal to DOED, the Vaughn index shall include the names and affiliations of all senders and recipients for each communication in addition to an explanation of why each document is predecisional and deliberative.

I. BACKGROUND

On January 23, 2004, Congress passed Public Law No. 108-99, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2004, Div. C, Title III, § 301 et seq. (the "D.C. School Choice Incentive Act of 2003), establishing the District of Columbia school voucher program. Pl.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts ¶ 1; Def.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts ¶ 1; Def.'s Cross Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. A (D.C. School Choice Incentive Act of 2003 (hereinafter, the "Act")). The Act creates a five-year program "to provide low-income parents residing in the District of Columbia . . . with expanded opportunities for enrolling their children in higher-performing schools in the District of Columbia." Act § 302(7). Pursuant to the Act, eligible D.C. children can receive annual vouchers of up to $7,500 toward tuition and expenses to attend a secular or religious private school. Act § 307(a)(3)(B).

The Act required DOED to enter into a Memorandum of Understanding with the District of Columbia Mayor's Office regarding "the design of, selection of eligible entities to receive grants under, and implementation of, a program assisted under this title." Act § 304(c). The DOED and the D.C. Mayor's Office entered into a Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU") on February 2, 2004. Def.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts ¶ 4; Def.'s Cross Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. B (MOU). The MOU emphasizes the "joint" nature of the voucher program with respect to DOED and the D.C. Mayor's Office. See MOU at 1 ("The MOU is intended to ensure the efficient and effective implementation of the Program, in a manner that incorporates the perspectives of both the Department and the D.C. Government."); id. at 2 ("By holding meetings and through other forms of communication . . . the representatives of the Department and the D.C. Government will share ideas and work to reach agreement on issues related to the design and implementation of the Program."); id. at 4 (The Department and the D.C. Government will jointly oversee operation of the Program to ensure that it is being carried out in a manner that is consistent with statutory requirements, the approved application or applications, and sound management and educational principles.").

The Washington Scholarship Fund ("WSF") administers the D.C. school voucher program; it was competitively selected to do so by DOED and the D.C. Mayor's Office. Pl.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts ¶¶ 17, 18; Def.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts ¶ 6. WSF is a private organization located in the District of Columbia, "founded in 1993 in order to assist low-income children in D.C. in attending private schools through private funding." Pl.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts ¶ 16.

Pursuant to the Act, DOED and the D.C. Mayor's Office "shall jointly select an independent entity to evaluate annually the performance of students" in the voucher program. Act § 309(a)(1). See also MOU at 1 ("[T]he Act requires the Secretary and the Mayor to select jointly an independent entity to conduct an evaluation of the Program."); id. at 4. While there is some disagreement as to the exact role of each of the following entities, the Georgetown School Choice Demonstration Project and Westat are responsible as set forth in a five-year contract (and possibly related subcontracts) for conducting said "independent" evaluations of the voucher program, as required by statute. Pl.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts ¶ 19; Def.'s Resp. to Pl.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts 14 and 19; Def.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts ¶ 7. Per the Act, the "independent" evaluator is responsible for addressing, among other issues, "[t]he success of the programs in expanding choice options for parents," and "[a] comparison of the academic achievement of participating eligible students." Act § 309(4). The information in the independent evaluative reports is to be submitted to DOED, which is obligated to submit to Congress "an annual report on the findings of the [activities and achievement reports submitted by grantees]." Id. § 310(a), (b), and (d).

Plaintiff made three separate FOIA requests of Defendant requesting certain documents related to the voucher program. Pl.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts ¶¶ 2, 6, 11; Def.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts ¶¶ 10, 14, 18. While Defendant disclosed thousands of documents to Plaintiff, Defendant withheld certain documents pursuant to various FOIA exemptions. Pl.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts ¶ 3, 4, 13, 14, 15; Def.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts ¶¶ 11, 15, 16, 19. Plaintiff exhausted its administrative remedies with respect to each FOIA request. Pl.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts ¶ 5, 10, 12; Def.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts ¶¶ 13, 17, 20.

Plaintiff filed the present action against Defendant on April 13, 2005, filing an Amended Complaint (now the operative complaint) on May 13, 2005. Plaintiff "seeks the government's release of records pertaining to, inter alia, the new federally funded school voucher program in the District of Columbia . . ., under which millions of dollars in public funds are being spent to send children to religious and other private schools in the District of Columbia." Am. Compl. ¶ 2.

After Defendant filed a Vaughn index in installments, the Parties filed a [22] Stipulation on January 10, 2006, listing the three categories of records still in dispute and providing five examples from the Vaughn index for each of the aforementioned categories. According to the Stipulation, Defendant continues to withhold documents falling into the following three categories pursuant to FOIA Exemption 5: (1) communications between DOED and WSF; (2) communications between DOED and the District of Columbia Mayor's Office; and (3) communications between DOED and Westat and/or Georgetown University. Stipulation ¶¶ 2, 3, and 4.

On January 30, 2006, Plaintiff filed its Motion for Summary Judgment (hereinafter, "Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment"). On April 12, 2006, Defendant filed its Cross Motion for Summary Judgment and Opposition to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment (hereinafter, "Defendant's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment"). On May 12, 2006, Plaintiff filed its Opposition to Defendant's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment and its Reply to its own Motion for Summary Judgment (hereinafter, "Plaintiff's Opposition"). On May 25, 2006, Defendant filed its Reply to its own Cross Motion for Summary Judgment (hereinafter, "Defendant's Reply"). The Parties' cross-motions are accordingly ripe for disposition. The Court notes that there are no disputes with respect to material facts in this case; rather the Parties have differing interpretations of the law as applied to the remaining categories of documents in dispute. See Def.'s Resp. to Pl.'s Stmt. of Mat. Facts (providing minor clarifications with respect only to Plaintiff's Statement of Material Facts ¶¶ 3, 13, 14, and 19: "Defendant submits that none of these corrections involves a genuine issue of material fact, and that this case may properly be resolved by summary judgment procedure").

II. LEGAL STANDARD

In reviewing a motion for summary judgment under the FOIA, the Court must conduct a de novo review of the record. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). In the FOIA context, " de novo review requires the court to `ascertain whether the agency has sustained its burden of demonstrating that the documents requested are not "agency records" or are exempt from disclosure under the FOIA.'" Assassination Archives Research Ctr. v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 334 F.3d 55, 57 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (quoting Summers v. Dep't of Justice, 140 F.3d 1077, 1080 (D.C. Cir. 1998)).

Summary judgment is proper when "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). A genuine issue of material fact exists only when there is sufficient evidence such that a reasonable juror could find for the party opposing the motion. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52 (1986). Furthermore, entry of summary judgment is mandated against a party if, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, the party fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). Under FOIA, all underlying facts and inferences are analyzed in the light most favorable to the FOIA requester; as such, only after an agency seeking summary judgment proves that it has fully discharged its FOIA obligations is summary judgment appropriate. Moore v. Aspin, 916 F. Supp 32, 35 (D.D.C. 1996) (citing Weisberg v. Dep't of Justice, 705 F.2d 1344, 1350 (D.C. Cir. 1983)). Congress enacted FOIA for the purpose of introducing transparency to government activities. See Stern v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 737 F.2d 84, 88 (D.C. Cir. 1984). Congress remained sensitive, however, to the need to achieve balance between this objective and the vulnerability of "legitimate governmental and private interests [that] could be harmed by release of certain types of information." Critical Mass Energy Project v. Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 975 F.2d 871, 872 (D.C. Cir. 1992); see also Summers v. Dep't of Justice, 140 F.3d 1077, 1079 (D.C. Cir. 1998). Accordingly, FOIA provides nine exemptions pursuant to which an agency may withhold requested information. See 5 U.S.C. §§ 552(a)(4)(B), (b)(1)-(9). The agency must demonstrate the validity of any exemption that it asserts. See id.; Beck v. Dep't of Justice, 997 F.2d 1489, 1491 (D.C. Cir. 1993) ("[c]onsistent with the purpose of the Act, the burden is on the agency to justify withholding requested documents"). To satisfy this burden, the agency may provide a plaintiff "with a Vaughn index, which must adequately describe each withheld document, state which exemption the agency claims for each withheld document, and explain the exemption's relevance." Johnson v. Exec. Office for U.S. Att'ys, 310 F.3d 771, 774 (D.C. Cir. 2002); see also Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820, 827 (D.C. Cir. 1973). In addition, summary judgment may be granted on the basis of the agency's accompanying affidavits or declarations if they describe "the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor evidence of agency bad faith." Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). These affidavits may be submitted by an official who coordinated the search, and need not be from each individual who participated in the search. See SafeCard Servs. v. Sec. Exch. Comm'n, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991).

There is no set formula for a Vaughn index; so long as the agency provides the Court with materials providing a "reasonable basis to evaluate the claim of privilege," the precise form of the agency's submission — whether it be an index, a detailed declaration, or a narrative — is immaterial. Gallant v. Nat'l Labor Relations Bd., 26 F.3d 168, 173 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (internal citations omitted). While Vaughn indices are generally discretionary, affidavits alone may not suffice once it is established that records and documents are in a governmental agency's possession. Miscavige v. Internal Revenue Serv., 2 F.3d 366, 368 (11th Cir. 1993) (citing Stephenson v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 629 F.2d 1140, 1144-45 (5th Cir. 1980)). Therefore, it is in a governmental agency's best interest to provide a Vaughn index when claiming privilege, should it seek to satisfy its disclosure burden.

Furthermore, the agency must detail what proportion of the information in a document is non-exempt and how that material is dispersed throughout the document. Mead Data Cent. Inc. v. U.S. Dep't of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 261 (D.C. Cir. 1977). Any non-exempt information that is reasonably segregable from the requested records must be disclosed. Ogelsby v. U.S. Dep't of Army, 79 F.3d 1172, 1178 (D.C. Cir. 1996). In addition, district courts are required to consider segregability issues sua sponte even when the parties have not specifically raised such claims. Trans-Pac. Policing Agreement v. U.S. Customs Serv., 177 F.3d 1022, 1028 (D.C. Cir. 1999).

In opposing a motion for summary judgment, a party must offer more than conclusory statements. See Broaddrick v. Exec. Office of President, 139 F. Supp. 2d 55, 65 (D.D.C. 2001) (citing Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1241 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). Indeed, a plaintiff pursuing an action under FOIA must establish that either: (1) the Vaughn index does not establish that the documents were properly withheld; (2) the agency has improperly claimed an exemption as a matter of law; or (3) the agency has failed to segregate and disclose all non-exempt material in the requested documents. See Perry-Torres v. Dep't of State, 404 F. Supp. 2d 140, 142 (D.D.C. 2005); Twist v. Ashcroft, 329 F. Supp. 2d 50, 53 (D.D.C. 2004) (citing Piper Marbury, LLP v. U.S. Postal Serv., Civ. No. 99-2383, 2001 WL 214217, at *2 (D.D.C. Mar. 6, 2001)).

III. DISCUSSION

Pursuant to the Stipulation and cross motions submitted by the Parties, only three categories of documents remain at issue. Defendant claims (and Plaintiff contests) that documents falling into the following three categories are exempt from disclosure pursuant to FOIA Exemption 5 because they do not constitute "inter-agency" or "intra-agency" documents: (1) communications between DOED and WSF; (2) communications between DOED and the District of Columbia Mayor's Office; and (3) communications between DOED and Westat and/or Georgetown University. Stipulation ¶¶ 2, 3, and 4. The Court shall address the application of FOIA Exemption 5 to each of these categories of documents in turn after addressing the underlying legal standard.

A. Exemption 5 only applies to "inter-agency" or "intra-agency" documents.

FOIA Exemption 5 protects "inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters which would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency." 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). Courts have "construed this exemption to encompass the protections traditionally afforded certain documents pursuant to evidentiary privileges in the civil discovery context," including "materials which would be protected under the attorney-client privilege, the attorney work-product privilege, or the executive `deliberative process privilege.'" Taxation With Representation Fund v. Internal Revenue Serv., 646 F.2d 666, 676 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (" TWRF") (citations omitted). See also Tax Analysts v. Internal Revenue Serv., 294 F.3d 71, 76 (D.C. Cir. 2002).

The deliberative process privilege, invoked here by Defendant, covers "documents reflecting advisory opinions, recommendations and deliberations comprising part of a process by which governmental decisions and policies are formulated." NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck Co., 421 U.S. 132, 150 (1975). In contrast, final statements of agency policy or statements explaining actions already taken by an agency are not protected by the deliberative process privilege. Tax Analysts, 294 F.3d at 80. "The deliberative process privilege protects agency documents that are both predecisional and deliberative." Judicial Watch, Inc., v. FDA, 449 F.3d 141, 151 (D.C. Cir. 2006).

However, at the outset (and at issue in this case), the Court must determine if the documents at issue are "inter-agency" or "intra-agency" documents. See 5 U.S.C. § 522(b)(5); Dep't of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs v. Klamath Water Users Protective Ass'n, 532 U.S. 1, 9, 121 S.Ct. 1060, 149 L.Ed.2d 87 (2001) ("The point is not to protect Government secrecy pure and simple, however, and the first condition of Exemption 5 is no less important than the second; the communication must be `inter-agency or intra-agency.' 5 U.S.C. § 522(b)(5). Statutory definitions underscore the plainness of this text.").

B. Documents exchanged between DOED and the D.C. Mayor's Office are not exempt from disclosure pursuant to Exemption 5 because they do not constitute inter-agency or intra-agency documents.

Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(f), an "agency" "as defined in section 551(1) of this title includes any executive department, military department, Government corporation, Government controlled corporation, or other establishment in the executive branch of the Government (including the Executive Office of the President), or any independent regulatory agency[.]" 5 U.S.C. § 552(f)(1). However, it is clear on the face of 5 U.S.C. § 551(1) that an "agency" must be a federal entity, and to the extent that the non-state status of the District of Columbia creates any ambiguity, the definition of "agency" explicitly does not include the District of Columbia. 5 U.S.C. § 551(1) ("`agency' means each authority of the Government of the United States, whether or not it is within or subject to review by another agency, but does not include . . . (D) the government of the District of Columbia").

Defendant does not dispute that "a state agency is generally not an agency for purposes of the FOIA." Def.'s Cross Mot. for Summ. J. at 14. Rather, Defendant argues that "in this case the communications between the Department and the D.C. Mayor's Office constitute `intra-agency' documents for purposes of Exemption (b)(5) because their relationship was created by a Congressional mandate." Id. Defendant cites only two cases in support of its legal position, neither of which is precedential in this or even in its own circuit: Citizens for Pennsylvania's Future v. Department of the Interior, 218 F.R.D. 441 (M.D. Pa. 2003), and General Electric Company v. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 18 F. Supp. 2d 138 (D. Mass. 1998). As Citizen's for Pennsylvania's Future was vacated by the district court pursuant to an order of the Third Circuit, the Court shall not consider the reasoning therein. See Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. A ( Citizens for Pa.'s Future, Civ. No. 01-2403 (Aug. 23, 2004)). Furthermore, while one case from the District of Massachusetts does not a rule make, the Court nonetheless finds that General Electric does not stand for the proposition that the creation of a federal agency/state agency relationship by congressional mandate exempts all communications between said agencies pursuant to Exemption 5. In General Electric, the court addressed the question of "whether the retained copies of communications sent from a federal agency to a state agency in the course of a coordinated regulatory effort may be withheld on the basis of the federal executive deliberative process privilege." Gen. Elec., 18 F. Supp. 2d at 141. The court recognized that "there is no broadly applicable state-federal `co-regulatory' privilege, nor does Exemption 5 contemplate one." Id. However, the court held that in order to protect the federal deliberative process privilege in the co-regulatory situation before it (wherein the EPA was obligated to work with state environmental agencies), documents would be deemed exempt "[o]nly when the state agency is, in effect, drawn into the deliberative process and consulted as to the outcome," including documents constituting federal requests for data from a state agency or using data from a state agency per a federal request. While this Court does not find the reasoning in General Electric to be persuasive or supported by the statutes or existing case law, it nonetheless notes that the application of Exemption 5 therein is much narrower than that contemplated by Defendant in this case.

The more legitimate dispute between the Parties is whether the D.C. Mayor's Office served as a "consultant" to DOED such that communications between the two would be considered intra-agency documents. In other words, the Parties argue whether the "consultant corollary" as defined in Klamath would apply to the relationship between DOED and the Mayor's Office. See Klamath, 532 U.S. 1 (2001). While the Court finds that neither Party's interpretation of Klamath is correct, it holds that the D.C. Mayor's Office does not serve as a consultant to DOED in this case such that communications between the two entities are not exempt from disclosure as intra-agency documents.

In Klamath, the Supreme Court held that documents addressing tribal interests submitted by Indian Tribes at the request of the Department of the Interior in the course of water rights allocation proceedings did not constitute intra-agency documents and accordingly were not exempt from disclosure pursuant to Exemption 5. Id. While the Court noted that "the fact about the consultant that is constant in the typical cases is that the consultant does not represent an interest of its own, or the interest of any other client, when it advises the agency that hires it," id. at 10-11, it held that the distinction was "even sharper" in the case before it as the Tribes acted as "self advocates at the expense of others seeking benefits inadequate to satisfy everyone," id. at 12.

Klamath explicitly distinguished the following two D.C. Circuit cases in a footnote: Public Citizen, Inc. v. Department of Justice, 111 F.3d 168 (D.C. Cir. 1997), and Ryan v. Department of Justice, 617 F.2d 781 (D.C. Cir. 1980). In Public Citizen, the circuit held that communications between the National Archives and Records Administration (and the Department of Justice) and former Presidents were exempt from disclosure pursuant to Exemption 5, as per the Presidential Records Act, former Presidents advise the agency with respect to the agency's restriction of records. See Pub. Citizen, 111 F.3d at 127. In Ryan, the circuit held that Senators' responses to questionnaires sent by the Attorney General inquiring about their procedures for selecting and recommending judicial nominees constituted intra-agency communications. See Ryan, 617 F.2d at 790 ("When an agency record is submitted by outside consultants as part of the deliberative process, and it was solicited by the agency, we find it entirely reasonable to deem the resulting document to be an `intra-agency' memorandum for purposes of determining the applicability of Exemption 5.").¹ The Supreme Court in Klamath did not expressly abrogate Ryan and Public Citizen, but noted that they fell outside of the normal ambit of cases exemplifying the consultant corollary because the entities considered to be "consultants" had outside interests:

1 See also Formaldehyde Inst. v. Dep't of Health and Human Servs., 889 F.2d 1118, 1120 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (holding that a review letter by outside referees of a report submitted by a CDC employee for publication in the American Journal of Epidemiology was predecisional and deliberative and accordingly could be withheld pursuant to Exemption 5: "The Review Letter is predecisional because it preceded the agency's decision whether and in what form to publish the Report. The letter is part of HHS' deliberative process because the agency secured review commentary in order to make that decision.").

Courts of Appeals have recognized at least two instances of intra-agency consultants that arguably extend beyond what we have characterized as the typical examples. In Public Citizen, Inc. v. Department of Justice, 111 F.3d 168 (C.A.D.C. 1997), former Presidents were so treated in their communications with the National Archives and Records Administration, even though the Presidents had their own, independent interests, id., at 171. And in Ryan v. Department of Justice, 617 F.2d 781 (C.A.D.C. 1980), Senators' responses to the Attorney General's questionnaires about the judicial nomination process were held exempt, even though we would expect a Senator to have strong personal views on the matter. We need not decide whether either instance should be recognized as intra-agency, even if communications with paid consultants are ultimately so treated. As explained above, the intra-agency condition excludes, at the least, communications to or from an interested party seeking a Government benefit at the expense of other applicants.

Klamath, 532 U.S. at 12 n. 4 (emphasis added). Thus, while Klamath was narrowly decided on the grounds that the Tribes both communicated with the Government in their own interest and acted as self-advocates seeking benefits at the expense of others and therefore certainly did not qualify as "consultants," the instant Court does not agree that Klamath stands for the proposition that communications must definitively meet these two criteria to fall outside of Exemption 5's shield from disclosure. However, the Court nonetheless notes that the D.C. Mayor's Office represents its own constituency of schools and citizens, and that the D.C. Mayor's Office advocates the interests of its constituents over the five-year duration of the D.C. school voucher program with an exclusionary stake in said program, which is temporarily funded in the District of Columbia as opposed to elsewhere in the United States.

Defendant states that " Ryan and Formaldehyde Institute stand for the proposition that Exemption (b)(5) permits an agency to withhold communications from an outside agency so long as those communications play a part in the agency's deliberative process." Def.'s Cross Mot. for Summ. J. at 22. However, Defendant's interpretation of the pre- Klamath D.C. Circuit cases is overly broad. See Physicians Comm. for Responsible Medicine v. Nat'l Inst. of Health, 326 F. Supp. 2d 19, (D.D.C. 2004), appeal dismissed, 2004 WL 2009380 (D.C. Cir. Sept. 9, 2004) (holding that in Ryan and Public Citizen, the documents at issue were considered intra-agency records "because the documents prepared by the outside consultants essentially played the same role in the agency's deliberative process as documents that would be prepared by the agency's own personnel."). The Court acknowledges that "[t]he Supreme Court in Klamath expressly declined to overrule Ryan," and while "[i]t may well be that the D.C. Circuit will read Klamath as an instruction to narrow its view of `intra-agency' communications," Ryan at present remains good law. Lardner v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, Civ. No. 03-180, 2005 WL 758267 at * 15 (D.D.C. Mar. 31, 2005). In Lardner, for example, the court held that recommendation letters solicited by the Office of the Pardon Attorney from judges and special prosecutors relating to pardon requests were exempt from disclosure pursuant to Exemption 5, constituting intra-agency records. Id. at *13-15. The court found that withholding such documents fell "entirely within the rule of Ryan," and was "fully consistent with the reasoning in Klamath." Id. at *15. However, unlike Lardner, the facts of the instant case fall outside of the ambit of Ryan and Formaldehyde Institute because DOED and the D.C. Mayor's Office share responsibility for the D.C. voucher program such that information is not being conveyed to DOED to unilaterally make ultimate decisions based on the D.C. Mayor's Office's advice. As noted by Plaintiffs, "DOED and the Mayor's Office jointly oversee WSF's administration of the D.C. school voucher program." Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. at 27. See Act § 304(c); supra at 2-3. It is clear from both the Act and the MOU that DOED has obligations to the Mayor's Office just as the Mayor's Office has obligations to DOED. See MOU at 5 ("[T]he Department agrees to . . . [w]ork with the D.C. Government, in its joint oversight capacity, to develop the appropriate standards of accountability and performance measures for all entities awarded grants under the Act."); id. at 6 ("Both the Department and the D.C. Government agree to . . . [g]rant each party access to any and all data and other information collected for evaluation purposes."). Accordingly, acknowledging that Ryan and Formaldehyde Institute continue to guide this Court, there simply is no precedent for withholding documents under Exemption 5 where a federal agency and a non-federal entity share ultimate decision-making authority with respect to a co-regulatory project. See also Ctr. for Int'l Envtl. Law v. Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, 237 F. Supp. 2d 17, 20, 24-30 (D.D.C. 2002) (holding that documents pertaining to the United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement that were produced by or exchanged with Chile or that relate to communications or meetings with Chile are not exempt from disclosure pursuant to Exemption 5).

C. Documents exchanged between DOED and Westat or between DOED and the Georgetown School Choice Demonstration Project ² are not exempt from disclosure pursuant to Exemption 5 because they do not constitute inter-agency or intra-agency documents.

2 While a third entity, Chesapeake Research Associates, is referenced sporadically in the filings, the Court presently has insufficient information before it relating to this entity to find that documents between DOED and Chesapeake Research Associates either should be disclosed or may be withheld pursuant to Exemption 5.

According to Defendant, "the communications of a third-party consultant or contractor, hired to provide expert advice to an agency, may be considered inter-agency or intra-agency for the purposes of Exemption 5" as long as the outside consultant does not both have an interest in the outcome of the decision making process and is in competition with other parties. Def.'s Cross Mot. for Summ. J. at 13 (citing Klamath, 531 U.S. at 12). See supra at 12-16. However, neither Westat nor Georgetown was "hired to provide expert advice to an agency." Rather, each was awarded either a contract or subcontract to independently evaluate the voucher program. As indicated by Plaintiff, "Georgetown and Westat are pursuing independent research goals that, by definition, are distinct from the goals of voucher-supporting DOED. . . ." Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. at 32. See also http://www.georgetown.edu/research/scdp (visited Sept. 22, 2007) ("The national team of researchers, institutional research partners, and staff of the SCDP are devoted to the rigorous and unbiased evaluation of school choice programs and other school improvement efforts across the country."). While Defendants argue that pursuant to Klamath, having an independent objective is not enough to disqualify records as "intra-agency," as the consultant entity purportedly must be in competition with other entities for a distinct set of benefits, the Court makes two observations in this vein. First of all, Westat and Georgetown do not fall within the ambit of Klamath or related D.C. Circuit cases because their statutory mandate — to independently evaluate the voucher program-by definition is such that they "evaluate" rather than "advise" the joint DOED-D.C. Mayor's Office program. Said evaluations are summarized and submitted to Congress pursuant to statute. See Act § 310(a), (b), and (d). Unlike Formaldehyde Institute, there is no expectation that Westat or Georgetown's evaluations constitute "confidential" reviews subject to use by the agency. See Formaldehyde Inst., 889 F.2d at 1124. Second, even if Westat and Georgetown were to be evaluated under the contractor corollary, the "independent evaluator" contract was awarded on a competitive basis and remains in place for only five years; while five years constitutes the duration of the present voucher program, presumably Westat and Georgetown have an interest in being awarded a second contract (at the exclusion of other candidates) if the D.C. school voucher program is renewed by Congress. See Physician's Comm., 326 F. Supp. 2d at 29-30 ("[A grant recipient] was not acting on behalf of the government when he received the grant and conducted his research . . . [He] was [also] in competition with other grant applicants and had a self-interest in being awarded the grant.").

While Defendant's filings (and the underlying affidavits) are not entirely clear on this point, it appears that Westat may have been awarded two separate contracts-the second of which was to independently evaluate the voucher program (as discussed above), but the first of which was "a delivery order under the Multiple Award Task Order (MATO) to provide immediate technical assistance to the program implementer (the Washington Scholarship Fund), including the design of the application form and the evaluation of the first-year lottery." Def.'s Cross Mot. for Summ. J. at 23 (citing Declaration of Angela Arrington³ ¶¶ 18-19). Furthermore, it appears from the Arrington Declaration that Westat worked with DOED to provide technical assistance to WSF. See Arrington Decl. ¶¶ 18, 21, 61. See also Pl.'s Opp'n at 16-17. Accordingly, even under the first contract awarded to Westat, it appears that Westat was hired to advise WSF (not DOED), and that under the second five-year contract, Westat was charged with independently evaluating the voucher program. Accordingly, pursuant to the terms of both of these contracts (as set forth by Defendant, as the Court does not have access to either actual contract in any of the filings), neither Westat nor Georgetown were hired to or actually advised DOED directly, as WSF was charged with implementing the voucher program. D. Defendant has conceded that documents exchanged between DOED and WSF are not exempt from disclosure; Defendant must provide a new Vaughn index for non-released documents containing internal DOED discussions.

3 While Plaintiff challenges Defendant's reliance on Ms. Arrington's affidavit on the grounds that Ms. Arrington "lacks the personal knowledge to testify as to . . . most of the factual matters asserted in that document," because "by her own account, Ms. Arrington is a Department FOIA Officer who does not work in any capacity in any of the Department's program offices that are involved in the running of the D.C. voucher program," the Court need not address this concern in light of the Court's determination that Exemption 5 does not provide proper grounds for withholding the categories of documents in dispute in this case such that said documents shall be released to Plaintiff.

In Defendant's Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment, Defendant concedes that communications between DOED and WSJ are not inter-agency or intra-agency records such that Exemption 5 does not apply. See Def.'s Cross Mot. for Summ. J. at 2 ("As for the communications with the Washington Scholarship Fund, the Department released all of the communications with this entity-to the extent that the communications were segregable from information otherwise exempted from disclosure."). See also id. at 25 ("The Department recognized that WSF did not occupy a consulting relationship with the Department and consequently released records of most of its communications with WSF. Arrington Decl. at ¶ 58."). However, Defendant admits that Defendant segregated and withheld internal DOED discussion from such documents, and sometimes even withheld documents in their entirety including "internal communications containing WSF questions with the Department's answers" where they could not be redacted "without revealing the Department's focus of deliberations." Id. at 26-27. See also Def.'s Reply at 4. While Defendant claims to have "demonstrated careful attention to the mandate of FOIA to segregate and release non-privileged portions of records to the extent possible," Def.'s Reply at 4, this allegedly "careful attention" is not reflected in the Vaughn index, where no mention is made that documents were withheld in full because they could not be adequately segregated. See Pl.'s Opp'n at 7 ("[T]he Vaughn index entries make no reference to segregability, but simply state that these communications between WSF and DOED have been withheld on the basis of Exemption 5.").

Furthermore, with respect to "records on the index that appear to be purely internal DOED records," Defendant effectively admits that its Vaughn index did not include all parties to each communication such that the Court cannot discern whether such documents have been disclosed to any of the afore discussed entities or other outside parties. See Pl.'s Opp'n at 4-5 ("DOED has not addressed-but does not dispute-its failure to list all recipients of each withheld communication in its Vaughn index entries. . . . If more than five individuals received a particular communication, the Department simply omitted those additional recipients from the Vaughn index.").

"Before approving the application of a FOIA exemption, the district court must make specific findings of segregability regarding the documents to be withheld." Sussman v. U.S. Marshalls Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1116 (D.C. Cir. 2007). While "[a]gencies are entitled to a presumption that they complied with the obligation to disclose reasonably segregable material," "[i]f the district court approves withholding without such a finding, remand is required even if the requester did not raise the issue of segregability before the court." Id. at 1116-17. In light of Defendant's heavy hand with privilege determinations, see e.g., Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. at 16 (noting that per Defendant's Vaughn index (Bates Nos. 6314-6320), Defendant withheld the MOU with the D.C. Mayor's Office despite the document's public availability and availability on DOED's website),⁴ the Court shall require Defendant to submit a new Vaughn index with respect to the presumably small subset of documents still withheld (those including internal DOED deliberations, either on their own or within communications between DOED and WSF) including the following information: (1) for documents including communications between DOED and WSF that have been segregated, the Vaughn index shall include the names and affiliations of all senders and recipients ( e.g., "name of sender (agency or organization)") for each redacted portion of the document as well as an explanation as to why the redacted portions are both predecisional and deliberative; (2) for documents including communications between DOED and WSF that have been withheld in full because segregation would allegedly reveal DOED's deliberative process, the Vaughn index shall include the names and affiliations of all senders and recipients for the entire document, as well as an explanation of both why portions of the document are both predecisional and deliberative and why segregation is not feasible; and (3) for documents that are purely internal to DOED, the Vaughn index shall include the names and affiliations of all senders and recipients for each communication in addition to an explanation of why each document is predecisional and deliberative.

4 See Def.'s Cross Mot. for Summ. J. at 16 n. 3 ("The [MOU] was inadvertently not disclosed to the Plaintiff.").

E. The Court need not address Plaintiff's "waiver" arguments.

Plaintiff makes the argument that prior to Plaintiff's publication of a critical report on the D.C. voucher program, Defendant released a number of documents in the above categories such that the Court should construe Defendant's privilege with respect to the documents at issue to be waived. See Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. at 4, 33-36. The Court shall not address Plaintiff's "waiver" argument in light of its holding that said documents cannot be withheld pursuant to Exemption 5.

IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the above reasoning, the Court shall GRANT Plaintiff's [24] Motion for Summary Judgment and DENY Defendant's [29] Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment. Accordingly, by October 19, 2007, Defendant shall release any previously withheld (1) communications between DOED and WSF; (2) communications between DOED and the District of Columbia Mayor's Office; and (3) communications between DOED and Westat and/or Georgetown University. Furthermore, by November 16, 2007, Defendant shall submit a new Vaughn index with respect to the presumably small subset of documents still withheld (those including internal DOED deliberations, either on their own or within communications between DOED and WSF) including the following information: (1) for documents including communications between DOED and WSF that have been segregated, the Vaughn index shall include the names and affiliations of all senders and recipients for each redacted portion of the document as well as an explanation as to why the redacted portions are both predecisional and deliberative; (2) for documents including communications between DOED and WSF that have been withheld in full because segregation would allegedly reveal DOED's deliberative process, the Vaughn index shall include the names and affiliations of all senders and recipients for the entire document, as well as an explanation of both why portions of the document are both predecisional and deliberative and why segregation is not feasible; and (3) for documents that are purely internal to DOED, the Vaughn index shall include the names and affiliations of all senders and recipients for each communication in addition to an explanation of why each document is predecisional and deliberative. An Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.