Under Alabama law, the owner of a vehicle is not liable for the negligence of a permissive user of that vehicle. ( Patterson v. Harris (1995) 674 So.2d 67, 69; Downes v. Norrell (1954) 261 Ala. 430 [ 74 So.2d 593, 597] ["Permissive use alone does not furnish any basis for liability against the owner . . ."]; Cruse-Crawford Mfg. Co. v. Rucker (1929) 220 Ala. 101 [ 123 So. 897] ["The doctrine is also well known that an owner of a car is generally not liable for the consequences of the negligence of a bailee or borrower while so operating the car . . ."].) In California, however, the owner of a vehicle is liable for the negligence of a permissive user of that vehicle, but the amount of damages for which the owner can be held liable is limited.