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In Parfitt, we held that a confidential relationship existed, as a matter of law, between the decedent and her son with respect to transactions involving a bank account owned jointly by decedent and her son, to which the son had not contributed.
Summary of this case from Gelber v. GlockOpinion
Record No. 081100.
February 27, 2009.
Present: All the Justices.
Before her cancer diagnosis and disabilities that followed, the decedent executed a will leaving her entire estate in equal shares to her children and stepchildren. As she became disabled, one son became co-holder of various deposits and accounts and managed her finances. He assisted in providing care to his mother during her final illness. While she still lived, the son liquidated a number of her assets and obtained various loans on her property, depositing the proceeds, over $338,000, into the joint account. During this period the son transferred over $305,000 from the joint account to an account he shared with his wife, and also wrote checks to himself from the joint account totaling $67,500. Additionally, he wrote checks from the joint account to various payees for a total in excess of $9,000 for the benefit of himself and his wife. After the mother's death, her estate by its administrator CTA filed a complaint against the son, alleging breach of fiduciary duty, conversion, unjust enrichment, and including a claim in detinue. The wife was added as a defendant on the same claims in an amended complaint. After a three-day bench trial, the trial court entered an order holding that (i) the estate had failed to establish the existence of undue influence; (ii) the evidence had not established a confidential relationship between the son and his mother; and (iii) the estate had failed to prove a claim in detinue, for conversion, or for unjust enrichment. This appeal followed.
1. Whether a plaintiff alleging undue influence has established a prima facie case is reviewed de novo, with deference given to the factual findings of the trial court.
2. A court of equity will not set aside a contract because it is rash, improvident or a hard bargain but equity will act if the circumstances raise the inference that the contract was the result of imposition, deception, or undue influence. To set aside a deed or contract on the basis of undue influence requires a showing that the free agency of the contracting party has been destroyed. Because undue influence is a species of fraud, the person seeking to set aside the contract must prove undue influence by clear and convincing evidence.
3. Direct proof of undue influence is often difficult to produce. Two situations have been identified as sufficient to show that a contracting party's free agency was destroyed, and, once established, shift the burden of production to the proponent of the contract. The first involves the mental state of the contracting party and the amount of consideration: Where great weakness of mind concurs with gross inadequacy of consideration, or circumstances of suspicion, the transaction will be presumed to have been brought about by undue influence.
4. The second instance identified arises when a confidential relationship exists between the grantor and proponent of the instrument: Where one person stands in a relationship of special confidence towards another, so as to acquire an habitual influence over him, he cannot accept from such person a personal benefit without exposing himself to the risk, in a degree proportioned to the nature of their connection, of having it set aside as unduly obtained.
5. The presumption of undue influence arises and the burden of going forward with the evidence shifts when weakness of mind and grossly inadequate consideration or suspicious circumstances are shown or when a confidential relationship is established.
6. This presumption will satisfy the plaintiff's burden of proving undue influence unless it is rebutted. The defendant therefore has the burden of producing evidence sufficient to rebut the presumption.
7. These principles apply to gratuitous transfers as well as contracts.
8. In this case it is undisputed that by virtue of their actions with regard to the decedent's property, the son and his wife received considerable personal benefit. This is a necessary precondition for the burden to be shifted when a transaction is challenged on the ground that it was procured by undue influence in a confidential relationship.
9. A confidential relationship is not confined to any specific association of the parties; it is one wherein a party is bound to act for the benefit of another, and can take no advantage to himself. It appears when the circumstances make it certain the parties do not deal on equal terms, but, on the one side, there is an overmastering influence, or, on the other, weakness, dependence, or trust, justifiably reposed; in both an unfair advantage is possible.
10. Trust alone, however, is not sufficient. There must be something reciprocal in the relationship before the rule can be invoked. Before liability can be fastened upon one there must have been something in the course of dealings for which he was in part responsible that induced another to lean upon him, and from which it can be inferred that the ordinary right to contract had been surrendered.
11. Several particular classes of relationships that may give rise to a presumption of undue influence have been identified. Among them, and most relevant in this appeal, is when one person is an agent for the other.
12. In this case, the son was an agent for his mother by statute, as a joint owner of an account to which he had not contributed. Code § 6.1-125.15:1 provides that "[p]arties to a joint account in a financial institution occupy the relation of principal and agent as to each other, with each standing as a principal in regard to his ownership interest in the joint account and as agent in regard to the ownership interest of the other party."
13. The transfers challenged in this case passed through an account that the decedent and her son held as joint owners with right of survivorship. The evidence at trial indicated that the proceeds from a life insurance annuity and certificates of deposit were deposited into the joint account. Furthermore, proceeds from the home equity line of credit the mother obtained were also deposited to the joint account as a "counter deposit." Likewise, $155,000 obtained under a reverse mortgage was deposited into the joint account.
14. Because the son did not contribute any funds to the mother's account, he was, by operation of statute, an agent with regard to the entire account. Under Code § 6.1-125.15:1 a confidential relationship was established creating a fiduciary duty.
15. An agent is a fiduciary with respect to the matters within the scope of his agency. The confidential relationship created a presumption that the self-dealing transactions were unduly obtained.
16. Accordingly, the trial court erred in holding that there was no confidential relationship, and therefore erred in failing to shift the burden of production to the son and his wife to rebut the presumption of undue influence in the various transactions.
17. Virginia's dead man's statute, Code § 8.01-397, requires corroboration of the testimony of an adverse or interested party in an action concerning the decedent's estate.
18. Whether or not corroboration exists and the degree and quality required are to be determined by the facts and circumstances of the particular case. However, if the trial court failed to identify the correct legal standard in determining the level of corroboration required, then it is an issue of law that, like other issues of law, must be reviewed de novo.
19. It is not necessary that the corroborative evidence should of itself be sufficient to support a verdict, for then there would be no need for the adverse or interested party's testimony to be corroborated. Corroborating evidence tends to confirm and strengthen the testimony of the witness, and it may come from other witnesses as well as from circumstantial evidence. It is not essential that a survivor's testimony be corroborated on all material points.
20. The corroboration, to be sufficient under the statute, however, must at least tend, in some degree, of its own strength and independently, to support some essential allegation or issue raised by the pleadings and testified to by the surviving witness which allegation or issue, if unsupported, would be fatal to the case.
21. Additionally, where a confidential relationship existed between the parties at the time of the transaction relied on, a higher degree of corroboration is required than in ordinary transactions.
22. Here, the trial court denied the estate's motion to strike the testimony of the husband and wife based on the dead man's statute. In doing so, the trial court found that their testimony was sufficiently corroborated by the defendants' witnesses and by the estate's own exhibits and demonstrative preparations. However, given the trial court's erroneous holding that no confidential relationship existed, it must be concluded that the trial court did not apply the "higher degree of corroboration" as it was required to do.
23. The claim that the trial court erred in holding that the estate failed to prove either conversion or unjust enrichment by the son and his wife was not addressed the estate's its brief. Consequently, the estate has waived the argument on appeal.
24. Rule 5:27, requires that "[t]he form and contents of the opening brief of appellant shall conform in all respects to the requirements . . . set forth in Rule 5:17(c)." Rule 5:17(c), in turn, instructs that with respect to any assignments of error in the petition for appeal, the appellant shall include "[t]he principles of law, the argument and the authorities relating to each assignment of error."
25. Rule 5:27 therefore requires that the same elements be included in the opening brief for each granted assignment of error. The failure to comply with the requirements of Rules 5:27 and 5:17(c)(4) results in waiver of the arguments the party failed to make.
26. In this case the estate has also violated Rule 5:27 by failing to include any "principles of law," "argument," or "authorities" relating to the granted assignment of error concerning its arguments as to the conversion and unjust enrichment claims. Consequently, it waived these arguments on appeal.
27. The trial court erred in holding that a confidential relationship did not exist with respect to transactions involving the joint bank account. Flowing from this error, the trial court then erred in application of evidentiary burdens regarding proof of undue influence and corroboration necessary under the dead man's statute. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the matter is remanded for a new trial consistent with this opinion.
28. At a new trial of this matter, the estate is not precluded from offering proof of undue influence on any basis including the confidential relationship created by application of Code § 6.1-125.15:1. However, the failure to argue claims of conversion and unjust enrichment on appeal will preclude the estate from presenting those claims upon retrial.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of Fairfax County. Hon. Gaylord L. Finch, Jr., judge presiding.
Reversed and remanded.
Jean Galloway Ball for appellant.
B.G. Stephenson for appellees.
In this appeal, we consider whether the trial court erred in dismissing a complaint filed by the administrator of the Estate of Audrey Jane Parfitt ("Estate") against the decedent's son, Jeffrey E. Parfitt, and his wife, Boyka S. Parfitt.
I. Facts and Proceedings Below
Before her 2004 cancer diagnosis, Audrey Jane Parfitt (known as "Jane") executed a will leaving her entire estate in equal shares to her children and stepchildren. Throughout her final illness, Jane required considerable physical assistance to complete even the most basic daily tasks. During this time, she received help from hired caregivers, as well as from her son, Jeffrey E. Parfitt ("Jeff"), and his wife, Boyka S. Parfitt ("Boyka").
With the knowledge and assent of his brother Gordon Vance Parfitt ("Vance"), who lived out of state, Jeff was added as a joint owner of Jane's bank account ("joint account") in order to assist Jane in paying her bills. Jane, Jeff, and Vance also agreed that Jeff would quit his construction job to care for Jane until care providers could be hired, and that Jeff would pay himself $500.00 per week from the joint account to make up for his lost income. Although care providers were hired in July 2004, Jeff did not return to work until after Jane's death in March 2006.
During this period, Jeff liquidated a number of Jane's assets and obtained various loans, depositing the proceeds into the joint account. The sources of funds used in these transactions included an annuity from New York Life surrendered for $106,093.05, a certificate of deposit from BBT Bank worth $14,675.66, a home equity loan also from BBT Bank in the amount of $50,000, a certificate of deposit from USAA Federal Savings Bank worth $12,811.41, and a reverse mortgage obtained from Seattle Mortgage Company in the amount of $155,000. The total value of assets deposited in the joint account as a result of these transactions was at least $338,580.12.
During the period of Jane's illness, Jeff transferred $305,591.00 from the joint account to an account he shared with Boyka. Jeff also wrote checks to himself from the joint account totaling $67,500. Additionally, Jeff wrote checks from the joint account to various payees in the amount of $9,013.37 for his and Boyka's benefit.
Jane died on March 7, 2006. In July 2006, the Estate filed a complaint against Jeff, alleging breach of fiduciary duty, conversion, unjust enrichment, and including a claim in detinue. Boyka was added as a defendant on the same claims in a November 2006 amended complaint.
After a three-day bench trial, the trial court entered an order holding that (i) the Estate had failed to establish the existence of undue influence; (ii) the evidence had not established a confidential relationship between Jeff and Jane; and, (iii) the Estate had failed to prove a claim in detinue, for conversion, or for unjust enrichment. We awarded an appeal to the Estate on the following assignments of error:
1. The court made an error of fact in determining that Plaintiff did not demonstrate that Jane Parfitt's free agency was destroyed.
2. The court made an error of law in determining that Plaintiff did not demonstrate a confidential relationship existed between Jeffrey Parfitt and Jane Parfitt.
3. The court made an error of law in determining that Plaintiff did not demonstrate a prima facie claim of undue influence, thereby shifting the burden of proof to the Defendants.
4. The court made an error of law in determining that Plaintiff did not prove a claim of conversion or unjust enrichment.
5. The court made an error of fact and law in not determining that Defendants' testimony should be struck for lack of corroboration pursuant to Virginia Code § 8.01-397.
6. The court made an error of law in not finding that Jeffrey Parfitt breached his fiduciary duty to Jane Parfitt.
II. Analysis A. Undue Influence 1. Standard of Review
In dismissing the Estate's claims, the trial court rejected the Estate's contention that it had introduced sufficient evidence to establish, as a matter of law, a prima facie case of undue influence. Whether a plaintiff alleging undue influence has established a prima facie case is reviewed de novo, see Virginia Baptist Homes, Inc. v. Botetourt County, 276 Va. 656, 663, 668 S.E.2d 119, 122 (2008); Quatannens v. Tyrrell, 268 Va. 360, 365, 601 S.E.2d 616, 618 (2004), with deference given to the factual findings of the trial court, see Friendly Ice Cream Corp. v. Beckner, 268 Va. 23, 33, 597 S.E.2d 34, 39 (2004).
2. Personal Benefit and Confidential Relationship
[2-6] We recently reiterated the law of undue influence in Virginia:
A court of equity will not set aside a contract because it is "rash, improvident or [a] hard bargain" but equity will act if the circumstances raise the inference that the contract was the result of imposition, deception, or undue influence. To set aside a deed or contract on the basis of undue influence requires a showing that the free agency of the contracting party has been destroyed. Because undue influence is a species of fraud, the person seeking to set aside the contract must prove undue influence by clear and convincing evidence.
Direct proof of undue influence is often difficult to produce. In the seminal case of Fishburne v. Ferguson, 84 Va. 87, 111, 4 S.E. 575, 582 (1887), however this Court identified two situations which we considered sufficient to show that a contracting party's free agency was destroyed, and, once established, shift the burden of production to the proponent of the contract. The first involved the mental state of the contracting party and the amount of consideration:
[W]here great weakness of mind concurs with gross inadequacy of consideration, or circumstances of suspicion, the transaction will be presumed to have been brought about by undue influence.
. . . .
The second instance Fishburne identified arises when a confidential relationship exists between the grantor and proponent of the instrument:
[W]here one person stands in a relationship of special confidence towards another, so as to acquire an habitual influence over him, he cannot accept from such person a personal benefit without exposing himself to the risk, in a degree proportioned to the nature of their connection, of having it set aside as unduly obtained.
Bailey v. Turnbow, 273 Va. 262, 267, 639 S.E.2d 291, 293 (2007) (quoting Friendly Ice Cream Corp., 268 Va. at 31-32, 597 S.E.2d at 38-39 (internal citations omitted)). "[T]he presumption of undue influence arises and the burden of going forward with the evidence shifts when weakness of mind and grossly inadequate consideration or suspicious circumstances are shown or when a confidential relationship is established." Friendly Ice Cream Corp., 268 Va. at 33, 597 S.E.2d at 39 (emphases in original). This presumption will satisfy the plaintiff's burden of proving undue influence unless it is rebutted. The defendant therefore has the burden of producing evidence sufficient to rebut the presumption.
[7-8] These principles apply to gratuitous transfers as well as contracts. The Estate contends it demonstrated, by clear and convincing evidence, that both situations described in Fishburne were present here and that, under either analysis, the trial court should have shifted to Jeff and Boyka the burden of producing evidence sufficient to rebut the presumption of undue influence. However, in this case we need not decide the issue of Jane's weakness of mind, because a confidential relationship was established as a matter of law by Jeff's joint ownership of the bank account through which all the assets at issue flowed.
First, it is undisputed that by virtue of their actions with regard to Jane's property, Jeff and Boyka received considerable personal benefit. This is a necessary precondition for the burden to be shifted when a transaction is challenged on the ground that it was procured by undue influence in a confidential relationship. Friendly Ice Cream Corp., 268 Va. at 31-32, 597 S.E.2d at 38-39.
[9-11] We next turn to whether a confidential relationship was established. We discussed the general outline of such relationships in Friendly Ice Cream Corp., which described a confidential relationship as
not confined to any specific association of the parties; it is one wherein a party is bound to act for the benefit of another, and can take no advantage to himself. It appears when the circumstances make it certain the parties do not deal on equal terms, but, on the one side, there is an overmastering influence, or, on the other, weakness, dependence, or trust, justifiably reposed; in both an unfair advantage is possible.
Trust alone, however, is not sufficient. We trust most men with whom we deal. There must be something reciprocal in the relationship before the rule can be invoked. Before liability can be fastened upon one there must have been something in the course of dealings for which he was in part responsible that induced another to lean upon him, and from which it can be inferred that the ordinary right to contract had been surrendered.
Friendly Ice Cream Corp., 268 Va. at 33-34, 597 S.E.2d at 39-40 (quoting Hancock v. Anderson, 160 Va. 225, 240-41, 168 S.E. 458, 463 (1933) (citation omitted)). We have identified several particular classes of relationships that may give rise to a presumption of undue influence. Among them, and most relevant in this appeal, is when one person is an agent for the other. Bailey, 273 Va. at 268, 639 S.E.2d at 293.
[12-13] In this case, Jeff was an agent for Jane by statute, as a joint owner of an account to which he had not contributed. Code § 6.1-125.15:1 provides that "[p]arties to a joint account in a financial institution occupy the relation of principal and agent as to each other, with each standing as a principal in regard to his ownership interest in the joint account and as agent in regard to the ownership interest of the other party." (Emphasis added). The transfers challenged in this case passed through an account that Jane and Jeff held as joint owners with right of survivorship. The evidence at trial indicated that the proceeds from the New York Life annuity and the Certificates of Deposit from BBT and USAA were deposited into the joint account. Furthermore, proceeds from the home equity line of credit Jane obtained from BBT were also deposited to the joint account as a "counter deposit." Likewise, $155,000 obtained under the reverse mortgage was deposited into the joint account. These funds all belonged to Jane.
[14-16] Because Jeff did not contribute any funds to Jane's account, he was, by operation of statute, an agent with regard to the entire account. By statute, a confidential relationship was established creating a fiduciary duty. Code § 6.1-125.15:1; Horne v. Holley, 167 Va. 234, 241, 188 S.E. 169, 172 (1936) ("[A]n agent is a fiduciary with respect to the matters within the scope of his agency"). The confidential relationship created a presumption that the self-dealing transactions were "unduly obtained." Fishburne, 84 Va. at 113, 4 S.E. at 582. Accordingly, the trial court erred in holding that there was no confidential relationship, and therefore erred in failing to shift the burden of production to Jeff and Boyka to rebut the presumption of undue influence in the various transactions.
B. Dead Man's Statute
The Estate also argues that the entire trial testimony of Jeff and Boyka should have been stricken in accordance with Code § 8.01-397, Virginia's "dead man's statute," and that the trial court's failure to do so constituted reversible error. In this case, the dead man's statute requires corroboration of testimony of an adverse or interested party in an action concerning the decedent's estate.
1. Standard of Review
"Whether or not corroboration exists and the degree and quality required are to be determined by the facts and circumstances of the particular case." Nicholson v. Shockey, 192 Va. 270, 283, 64 S.E.2d 813, 821 (1951). However, if the trial court failed to identify the correct legal standard in determining the level of corroboration required, then it is an issue of law that, like other issues of law, must be reviewed de novo.
2. Level of Corroboration Required
[19-21] The statute relied on by the Estate reads in relevant part:
In an action by or against a person who, from any cause, is incapable of testifying, or by or against the committee, trustee, executor, administrator, heir, or other representative of the person so incapable of testifying, no judgment or decree shall be rendered in favor of an adverse or interested party founded on his uncorroborated testimony.
Code § 8.01-397. We have often been called on to apply the statute, and have made it clear that
[i]t is not necessary that the corroborative evidence should of itself be sufficient to support a verdict, for then there would be no need for the adverse or interested party's testimony to be corroborated. Corroborating evidence tends to confirm and strengthen the testimony of the witness[,] and it may come from other witnesses as well as from circumstantial evidence. It is not essential that a survivor's testimony be corroborated on all material points.
The corroboration, to be sufficient under the statute, however, must at least tend, in some degree, of its own strength and independently, to support some essential allegation or issue raised by the pleadings [and] testified to by the [surviving] witness . . . which allegation or issue, if unsupported, would be fatal to the case.
Rice v. Charles, 260 Va. 157, 165-66, 532 S.E.2d 318, 323 (2000) (citations, emphases by the Court, and internal quotation marks omitted). Additionally, "[w]here a confidential relationship existed between the parties at the time of the transaction relied on, a higher degree of corroboration is required than in ordinary transactions." Clay v. Clay, 196 Va. 997, 1002, 86 S.E.2d 812, 815 (1955) (citing Nicholson, 192 Va. at 283, 64 S.E.2d at 821).
Here, the trial court denied the Estate's motion to strike Jeff and Boyka's testimony based on the dead man's statute. In doing so, the trial court found that Jeff and Boyka's testimony was sufficiently corroborated by the defendants' witnesses and by the Estate's own "exhibits and demonstrative preparations." However, given the trial court's erroneous holding that no confidential relationship existed, we must conclude that the trial court did not apply the "higher degree of corroboration" as it was required to do.
C. Conversion or Unjust Enrichment
Finally, the Estate also contends the trial court erred in holding that it failed to prove either conversion or unjust enrichment by Jeff and Boyka. However, the Estate failed to address either issue in its brief, and consequently has waived the argument on appeal.
[24-26] Rule 5:27, titled "Opening Brief of Appellant," requires that "[t]he form and contents of the opening brief of appellant shall conform in all respects to the requirements . . . set forth in Rule 5:17(c)". Rule 5:17(c), in turn, instructs that with respect to any assignments of error in the petition for appeal, the appellant shall include "[t]he principles of law, the argument, and the authorities relating to each assignment of error." Rule 5:17(c)(4). Rule 5:27 therefore requires that the same elements be included in the opening brief for each granted assignment of error. The failure to comply with the requirements of Rules 5:27 and 5:17(c)(4) results in waiver of the arguments the party failed to make. Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 519, 659 S.E.2d 311, 316 (2008). The Estate has violated Rule 5:27 by failing to include any "principles of law," "argument," or "authorities" relating to this granted assignment of error. Consequently, the Estate has waived these arguments on appeal.
III. Conclusion
[27-28] The trial court erred in holding that a confidential relationship did not exist with respect to transactions involving the joint bank account. Flowing from this error, the trial court then erred in application of evidentiary burdens regarding proof of undue influence and corroboration necessary under the dead man's statute. Accordingly, we will reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the matter for a new trial consistent with this opinion. At a new trial of this matter, the Estate is not precluded from offering proof of undue influence on any basis including the confidential relationship created by application of Code § 6.1-125.15:1. However, the failure to argue claims of conversion and unjust enrichment on appeal will preclude the Estate from presenting those claims upon retrial.
Reversed and remanded.