Opinion
Docket No. 6,467.
Decided December 9, 1969. Leave to appeal granted February 18, 1970. See 383 Mich. 767.
Appeal from Saginaw, Fred J. Borchard, J. Submitted Division 3 November 4, 1969, at Grand Rapids. (Docket No. 6,467.) Decided December 9, 1969. Leave to appeal granted February 18, 1970. See 383 Mich. 767.
Complaint by James O'Neill, administrator of the estate of Baby Boy Pinet, deceased, against Eldon Morse, Bernice Morse and Gary R. Root, for damages under the wrongful death act. Summary judgment for defendants. Plaintiff appeals. Affirmed.
Cicinelli, Mossner, Majoros, Harrigan Alexander, for plaintiff.
Heilman, Purcell, Tunison Cline, for defendants Eldon Morse and Bernice Morse.
Smith, Brooker, Harvey Cook, for defendant Gary R. Root.
Before: FITZGERALD, P.J., and R.B. BURNS and BRONSON, J.J.
Carol Pinet, eight months pregnant, was struck by an automobile driven by defendant Gary R. Root after his vehicle had collided with an automobile owned by defendant Eldon Morse and driven by defendant Bernice Morse. As a result of the accident Mrs. Pinet and her unborn child were injured. Subsequently, the child was stillborn. The case was dismissed by the trial court on the ground that an unborn child is not a person within the meaning of the Michigan wrongful death act. MCLA § 600.2922 (Stat Ann 1969 Cum Supp § 27A.2922).
Plaintiff appeals, claiming such an interpretation denies the plaintiff "due process of law" and "equal protection of the law" under the Federal constitution and the Michigan Constitution of 1963.
"No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." US Const, Am 14, § 1.
"No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws." Const 1963, art 1, § 2.
This question has not been answered by any decisions of the Michigan Supreme Court or the United States Supreme Court. The Michigan Supreme Court in Powers v. City of Troy (1968), 380 Mich. 160, held that an unborn child negligently injured and subsequently stillborn was not a "person" within the meaning of the Michigan wrongful death act. Accordingly, we hold that such an unborn child is not a "person" within the meaning of the "due process" and "equal protection" articles of the United States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution of 1963.
Affirmed. Costs to appellees.
FITZGERALD, P.J., concurred.
The development of our constitutional democracy and the constantly evolving legal history of our Bill of Rights guaranteeing "due process" and the "equal protection of the laws" to all persons are not accidental.
Through the years the state and Federal courts, including the United States Supreme Court, have struggled with the meaning of the word "person" as that term is used in the Bill of Rights.
There was a time, early in our nation's history, when Indians were not regarded as persons, and the courts had to make it plain that indeed Indians were persons, entitled to constitutional guarantees. See 42 CJS, Indians, § 1, p 647; United States, ex rel. Standing Bear, v. Crook (CC Neb, 1879), 25 F Cas 695, 696 (No. 14,891) (5 Dill 453); United States v. Shaw-Mux (D Ore, 1873), 27 F Cas 1045 (No. 26,268) (2 Sawyer 364); United States v. Miller (D Nev, 1901), 105 F 944.
In another series of cases the courts made it plain that aliens (non-citizens) were "persons" entitled to the protection of the constitutional guarantees. See Marcello v. Ahrens (CA 5, 1954), 212 F.2d 830, 837; In re Lee Wee's Petition (SD Cal, 1956), 143 F. Supp. 736, 738; United States v. Murff (CA 2, 1958), 260 F.2d 610, 614.
In other cases, questions arose as to whether convicts or felons were "persons" entitled to constitutional protection, and the decision was made that a convicted felon, even though civilly "dead" was nevertheless a person entitled to protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. See In re Jones (1962), 57 Cal.2d 860, 862 ( 22 Cal.Rptr. 478, 480, 372 P.2d 310, 312), and cases cited therein.
Questions also arose as to whether corporations were persons within the meaning of the clauses granting all persons due process and the equal protection of the laws, and our courts decided that they were. See Pembina Consolidated Silver Mining Milling Co. v. Pennsylvania (1888), 125 U.S. 181 ( 8 S Ct 737, 31 L Ed 650, 653); Smyth v. Ames (1898), 169 U.S. 466, 522 ( 18 S Ct 418, 42 L Ed 819); Providence Journal Co. v. McCoy (D RI, 1950), 94 F. Supp. 186, aff'd. (CA 1, 1951), 190 F.2d 760, 764; D.D.B. Realty Co. v. Merrill (D Vt, 1964), 232 F. Supp. 629, 637. See, also, Turnbull v. Prentiss Lumber Co. (1884), 55 Mich. 387, 393, and Chicago N.W.R. Co. v. Ellson (1897), 113 Mich. 30, 33.
A labor union has been found to be a "person" within the constitutional meaning of that term. See Penello v. Milk Drivers Dairy Employees Local Union (D Md, 1957), 156 F. Supp. 366, 369.
More recently, the United States Supreme Court has made it plain that the guarantees spelled out in our Constitution are not the exclusive property of adults, but apply to children as well.
In re Gault (1967), 387 U.S. 1, 13 ( 87 S Ct 1428, 18 L Ed 2d 527, 538), Mr. Justice Fortas, writing for the majority, said: "neither the Fourteenth Amendment nor the Bill of Rights is for adults alone."
If the Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights protect children and infants, do they not also protect unborn children, such as Baby Boy Pinet, an eight-month-old fetus, made of flesh and bone and blood? Is not such a child equally a "person" along with such inanimate "persons" as corporations and labor unions?
What is at stake in this litigation is whether Baby Boy Pinet, an unborn child — killed by the wrongful acts of the defendants — was or was not a human being, a "person" entitled to the Constitution's protections given to all persons in this State and Nation. In LaBlue v. Specker (1960), 358 Mich. 558, our State Supreme Court unanimously held that a two-and-one-half-month-old fetus was indeed a "child" or "person" within the meaning of another Michigan statute, the Michigan dramshop law (CLS 1956, § 436.22 [Stat Ann 1957 Rev § 18.993]). In LaBlue, the Michigan Supreme Court relied heavily on Williams v. Marion Rapid Transit, Inc. (1949), 152 Ohio St. 114 ( 87 N.E.2d 334, 10 ALR2d 1051), a decision which held that an unborn child is a "person" within the constitutional provision giving every "person" a remedy for injury done him in his person (see p 563 of LaBlue).
What our Supreme Court appears to have said by its decision in Powers v. City of Troy (1968), 380 Mich. 160, is that an unborn child may be a "person" for the purpose of some laws but will not be a "person" for the purpose of other laws. Such a view is less than consistent in keeping with fundamental constitutional guarantees of due process and equal protection of the laws. To say that one may kill some human beings — those who have been born — and be held responsible under the law, and that one may kill other human beings — those who have not yet been born — and go free, is a denial of equal protection of the laws and ought not to be condoned by any court. A plain reading of the Michigan wrongful death act makes clear that its primary purpose was to make wrongdoers liable for damages when they killed a "person" through negligence, or negligently inflicted injuries which resulted in death. But such a statute, in order to be constitutional, must apply with equal force to all "persons" who are killed as a result of another's negligence. The constitutional guarantees of due process and equal protection of the laws should apply to Baby Boy Pinet, and we should not discriminate against such a "person" because he is as yet unborn. By denying plaintiff administrator in this case the right to bring this action, the State seems to sanction the negligent killing of an unborn human being and is providing no redress for such a wrong.
In Powers there are five separate opinions for affirmance and a sixth opinion dissenting. All however:
"* * * [C]onfine ourselves strictly to the meaning of a `person' within the wrongful death act. The assigned Justice, and any Justice signatory hereto, expressly limit the views they here express to the interpretation of the statute which is the subject of judicial construction."
The Powers Court carefully limited its decision to the question of the statutory construction of the Michigan wrongful death act then in effect, CL 1948, § 691.581 et seq. (Stat Ann 1959 Cum Supp § 27.711 et seq.).
The Michigan Supreme Court did not resolve the equal protection arguments in the Powers case. I feel that the question whether denying the next of kin of a fetus the right to sue under the wrongful death act amounts to a denial of equal protection under the United States and Michigan Constitutions, being one of first impression, is important enough to command an answer. (See discussion infra.)
"Whenever the death of a person or injuries resulting in death, shall be caused by wrongful act, neglect or default, and the act, neglect or default is such as would, if death had not ensued have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover damages, in respect thereof, then and in every such case, the person who, or the corporation which would have been liable, if death had not ensued, shall be liable to an action for damages * * *." CLS 1961, § 600.2922 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27.2922). (Emphasis added.)
I would reverse the judgment of the trial court, and allow the plaintiff administrator to bring this action.