Opinion
Civil Action 21-19820 (RK) (JBD)
06-28-2024
N.S., Plaintiff, v. STEVAN HARNAD, et al., Defendants.
NOT FOR PUBLISATION
OPINION
ROBERT KIRSCH, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
THIS MATTER comes before the Court on Defendant Trustees of Princeton University d/b/a Princeton University (“the Trustees”) and Defendant Steven Hamad's (“Hamad”) (collectively, the “Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff N.S.'s (“Plaintiff') Amended Complaint, (ECF No. 29), pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), (ECF No. 34). Plaintiff filed a brief in opposition, (ECF No. 42), and the Trustees filed a reply brief, (ECF No. 45). The Court has carefully considered the parties' submissions, and resolves the matter without oral argument pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 78 and Local Civil Rule 78.1. For the reasons set forth below, the Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED as to the Trustees and DENIED as to Hamad.
I. BACKGROUND
This action involves the allegation that Harnad, of unstated age, for about 18 months beginning around 1970, “groomed” Plaintiff N.S., then fourteen years old, and her younger sister, M.C., then eleven years old, and sexually molested them, and that the Trustees failed to protect Plaintiff from Hamad's grooming of Plaintiff which occurred on Princeton's campus. (“Am. Compl.”, ECF No. 29, *2-9.) The minor Plaintiff lived in Princeton Township and would gather with friends to socialize on Princeton University's (“Princeton”) open to the public campus. (Id. at *3.) Plaintiff was not a student of Princeton. (Id.) The Amended Complaint describes Hamad as “professor like,” but his role, status, and affiliation with Princeton at that time is unclear as the Amended Complaint provides in pertinent part: “Steven Hamad, was a graduate student, teaching assistant, graduate assistant, research assistant and/or student volunteer employed or engaged by [the Trustees].” (Id. at *8; Count One ¶ 4.) Thus, Plaintiff is unclear whether Hamad, during the time-period of the acts of sexual grooming and abuse, was a student, faculty, volunteer or some combination thereof. (Id.) In addition, Plaintiff does not set forth Hamad's age at the time of the alleged sexual assault. (See generally, Am. Compl.) As discussed in greater detail below, the allegations of “grooming” occurred on Princeton's campus while all of the allegations of sexual abuse occurred off-campus at Hamad's private apartment or, on one occasion, at the Plaintiff's off-campus home. (Id. at *4-7.)
For the purpose of considering the instant Motion, the Court accepts all factual allegations in the Amended Complaint as true. See Phillips v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 228 (3d Cir. 2008). Plaintiff's Amended Complaint does not include uniquely numbered paragraphs but instead restarts the paragraph numbering for each of the five sections of the Amended Complaint that includes allegations specific to that Count. This adds a layer of confusion for litigation purposes and is not the Court's preference. While Rule 10(b) provides that a “party must state its claims or defenses in numbered paragraphs, each limited as far as practicable to a single set of circumstances,” this Court has discretion to dismiss a complaint when it fails to comply with this rule. Fed.R.Civ.P. 10(b); see Rosado v. Lynch, No. 15-3999, 2017 WL 2495407, at *3 (D.N.J. June 8, 2017). In citing Plaintiffs pleading, the Court cites both the section of the Amended Complaint referred to as well as the paragraph number. Where the Amended Complaint's allegations are not contained in numbered paragraphs, the Court cites the CMECF number, denoted by an asterisk.
Now, Plaintiff N.S. is approximately sixty-eight years old. Hamad's approximate age at the time of the alleged conduct is unstated and thus his approximate age today is unknown.
It goes without saying that the allegations of sexual abuse by adults against children are of the utmost seriousness and reprehensible, and if true and provable, exposes the wrongdoer to both criminal and civil liability. The questions presented here, through the subject motion, are whether the Plaintiff alleged sufficient facts (1) to allow the lawsuit to proceed against the Trustees for failing to prevent or stop the alleged sexual abuse committed by Hamad on a non-student, off campus and (2) to establish a claim for negligent and intentional infliction of emotional distress against Hamad.
The Trustees administered and operated Princeton during this time period. (Id., Count Two ¶ 4.) In June 1970, the Trustees promulgated an “Open Campus” policy, inviting members of the community, including minors “onto [Princeton's] premises to gather and loiter.” (Id.) Shortly after implementing this policy, Princeton instituted a nighttime curfew in response to increased criminal incidents on campus. (See Ex. B to Am. Compl.)
Plaintiff alleges that this “Open Campus” policy induced her and other minors to enter Princeton's premises where she encountered Hamad. (Count Two ¶ 5.) Hamad approached Plaintiff on Princeton's lawn, in plain sight, and established a relationship of trust with Plaintiff by engaging in “small talk,” walking and offering “to buy her anything she wanted for lunch at the student union.” (Id. at *3-4.) Subsequently, Harnad invited Plaintiff to a vacant classroom where he hypnotized her or provided “marijuana and physical affection, such as sitting on his lap or holding hands” in his office. (Id. at *5.) Hamad “portrayed himself as someone who cared for the Plaintiff like a father-figure.” (Id. at *4.) He “routinely held hands.. .with the Plaintiff [ ], and her sister, sometimes simultaneously on campus and in plain sight of university staff.” (Id. at *5.) Hamad used Princeton's campus, including its facilities and offices, to groom Plaintiff. (Id. Count Three ¶ 4.) After several interactions with Plaintiff on Princeton's campus, Hamad invited Plaintiff to his apartment. (Id. at *5) At the apartment, Harnad performed “digital and oral penetration and clitoris stimulation (cunnilingus) to induce sexual arousal and orgasm of the Plaintiff and himself.” (Id. at *6.) Hamad's sexual abuse and grooming on campus occurred over an eighteen-month period, terminating when Hamad believed he had been caught after sexually abusing Plaintiff in her home. (Id. at *7.)
Princeton's campus police officers (known as “Proctors”) “were present and openly witnessed” Hamad grooming Plaintiff. (Id. at *6.) The Proctors questioned Plaintiff “on more than one occasion” whether Hamad was her “boyfriend.” (Id at *6, 8.) Despite the Proctors' awareness that Hamad was grooming Plaintiff, the Trustees failed to put in place safety protocols or policies to “protect Plaintiff while she was on said premises from predators and pedophiles” like Hamad, which resulted in Plaintiff suffering “severe and permanent emotional and psychological harm and distress.” (Id., Count Two ¶ 9, Count Three ¶ 5, Count Four ¶ 3.) Ultimately, Plaintiff alleges that the Trustees, among others, facilitated Hamad's grooming and sexual assault. (Id.)
It is unclear why Plaintiff refers to Princeton's security personnel as “Proctors.” (Am. Compl. at *5.) As defined in the American Heritage Dictionary, a proctor is “a supervisor especially of an examination or dormitory in a school.” Am. Heritage Dictionary of the Eng. Language (5th ed. 2015). The Plaintiff alleges that the individuals named as “Proctors” were campus police, who function more like security guards than proctors.
On November 8, 2021, the Trustees removed Plaintiff's Complaint to this Court, (ECF No. 1), and subsequently moved to dismiss the Complaint in its entirety, (ECF No. 9). In parallel, the Trustees removed and filed a motion to dismiss in a related case, M.C. v. Hamad, Civil Case No. 21-19819 (D.N.J.), in which the plaintiff is M.C., the sister of the Plaintiff in the instant case. M.C.'s complaint was nearly identical to Plaintiff's Complaint in the instant matter, except that M.C. is eleven years old and alleged slightly different facts. M.C. v. Hamad, Civil Case No. 2119819 (D.N.J. Feb. 17,2023), ECF No. 1. On February 17,2023, the Honorable Georgette Castner, U.S.D.J., granted the Trustees' Motion to Dismiss in M.C. v. Hamad, holding that the original complaint failed to meet the “fair notice” pleading standard under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2). M.C. v. Hamad, Civil Case No. 21-19819 (D.N.J. Feb. 17, 2023), ECF No. 22. In the instant matter, Judge Castner entered an Order dismissing the Complaint and citing the Court's Opinion in M.C. v. Hamad. (ECF No. 25). Judge Castner granted Plaintiff leave to amend her complaint to cure the deficiencies identified, specifically that Plaintiff must explain “which specific facts and legal theories support each alleged cause of action, and which cause of action is asserted against each defendant.” M. C. v. Hamad, Civil Case No. 21-19819 (D.N.J. Feb. 17, 2023), ECF No. 22 at 8.
The Complaint in this case was filed on October 26, 2021, in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Mercer County. (ECF No. 1 at 1.)
In parallel to the Trustees' Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint in this case, the Trustees filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint in M.C. v. Harnad. M.C. v. Harnad, Civil Case No. 21-19819 (D.N.J. Feb. 17,2023), ECF No. 32. M.C.'s amended complaint alleges slightly different facts to the instant case. See M.C. v. Harnad, Civil Case No. 21-19819 (D.N.J. Feb. 17, 2023), ECF No. 27. Accordingly, this Court will write a separate memorandum opinion and order in M. C addressing the Trustees motion to dismiss in that case.
Accordingly, Plaintiff filed the operative Amended Complaint alleging the following five counts: (1) sexual abuse under the New Jersey Child Sexual Abuse Act (“CSAA”) (“Count One”); (2) premises liability against foreseeable risks of harm (“Count Two”); (3) premises liability against foreseeable criminal acts (“Count Three”); (4) negligent supervision (“Count Four”); and (5) intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress (“Count 5”). (See generally Am. Compl.) Plaintiff alleges Counts Two through Five against the Trustees and Counts One and Five against Hamad. (Id.) The Trustees move to dismiss Counts Two through Five of the Amended Complaint against them in their entirety. (ECF No. 34.) Hamad joined the Trustees Motion to Dismiss Counts Two through Five, despite only being named in Counts One and Five of the Amended Complaint. See M.C. v. Harnad, Civil Case No. 21-19819 (D.N.J. Feb. 17, 2023), ECF No. 40.
Generally, Plaintiff's action would be barred through application of the statute of limitations; however, in 2019, the New Jersey Legislature created a two-year revival window, commencing on the effective date of the legislation, for parties to bring such time-barred actions based on sexual abuse. See N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2b(a). Plaintiff's Amended Complaint cites and relies on this statute and thus the action is not time-barred. (Am. Compl., Count Two ¶ 2.)
IL LEGAL STANDARD
For a complaint to survive dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), it must contain sufficient factual matter to state a claim that is “plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting BellAtl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is facially plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. However, allegations that are “no more than conclusions” may be disregarded. Id. at 679. Restatements of the elements of a claim are legal conclusions, and therefore, are inadequate alone to survive dismissal. SeeBiirtch v. Milberg Factors, Inc., 662 F.3d 212,224 (3d Cir. 2011). The court accepts allegations in the complaint as true and gives the plaintiff “the benefit of every favorable inference to be drawn therefrom.” Kulwicki v. Dawson, 969 F.2d 1454, 1462 (3d Cir. 1992).
Plaintiff also argues that the Amended Complaint sufficiently establishes her claims because it satisfies New Jersey's liberal pleading rules. (ECF No. 42 at 11.) However, the Amended Complaint must comply with federal pleading standards, which are more stringent than the state pleading requirements. Compare Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 with Green v. Morgan Properties, 73 A.3d 478, 490 (N.J. 2013). Thus, the Court will, and must apply federal pleading standards.
III. DISCUSSION
Defendants' Motion to Dismiss does not discuss Count One against Hamad. (See generally, ECF No. 34.) Thus, Count One survives against Hamad. See Jeannot v. Phila. Housing Auth., 356 F.Supp.3d 440,449 (E.D. Pa. 2018) (noting defendants that did “not move to dismiss the perceived disability claim from [plaintiff's] Second Amended Complaint” and thus the claim survives). The Trustees move to dismiss Plaintiff's Amended Complaint for failing to allege sufficient facts to state a claim on each of the four counts alleged against them. The Trustees' arguments on each count largely turn on their contention that they owed no duty to Plaintiff because Hamad's sexual assault of Plaintiff was not foreseeable. The Court considers Hamad's arguments as to Count Five, which is the only other count alleged against him in the Amended Complaint. (Am. Compl., Count Five ¶ 2.) The Court addresses each of the claims against the Trustees and Hamad in turn.
The law of the forum state governs diversity actions. See Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938); Am, Cyanamid Co. v. Fermenta Animal Health, 54 F.3d 177, 180 (3d Cir. 1995.) Thus, in analyzing the parties' legal arguments regarding state law, the Court will look to New Jersey law.
1. COUNTS TWO AND THREE - PREMISES LIABILITY
Plaintiff contends that because she was an invitee on Princeton's campus, the Trustees owed Plaintiff a duty to protect her against foreseeable criminal acts of third parties. (ECF No. 42 at 14.) Specifically, Plaintiff argues that Hamad's sexual abuse was foreseeable because Proctors on Princeton's campus “witnessed the red flags and visible grooming behavior over an eighteenmonth period,” and even asked Plaintiff about her relationship with Hamad on multiple occasions. (Am. Compl. at *6.) In addition, the occurrence of several other crimes-two robberies, one stabbing, and two purse snatchings in a ten-day period-on Princeton's campus following the adoption of the “Open Campus” policy put the Trustees on notice of the occurrence of violent crimes on campus. (Id.) The Trustees respond that Hamad's sexual assault of Plaintiff was not foreseeable because the prior criminal acts on Princeton's campus were unrelated to sexual assault. (ECF No. 34 at 12-13.) Further, the fact that the Proctors asked Plaintiff about her relationship with Hamad “alone does not mean that Proctors actually knew about Hamad's alleged conduct.” (ECF 45 at 7.) Lastly, the Trustees note that they employed the Proctors to address the crime on campus and that Hamad sexually assaulted Plaintiff off campus at his apartment, not on the Trustees' premises. (Id.)
The Proctors' knowledge, as employees of the Trustees, is imputed to the Trustees. (ECF No. 42 at 22.)
A plaintiff may bring a negligence claim under a theory of premises liability. See Jackson-Locklear v. William Patterson Univ., No. 16-5449, 2018 WL 1942521, at *3-4 (D.N.J. Apr. 24, 2018). To establish a premises liability claim under New Jersey law, a plaintiff must plead the four elements of a negligence claim: (1) a duty of care; (2) a breach of that duty; (3) actual and proximate causation; and (4) damages. See Jersey Cent. Power & Light Co. v. Melcar Util. Co., 59 A.3d 576, 594 (N.J. 2013). The issue of whether a defendant owes a legal duty to a plaintiff is generally a question of law for the court to decide. Carvalho v. Toll Bros. & Developers, 675 A.2d 209, 212 (N.J. 1996). With respect to the duty element in premises liability cases, New Jersey courts have recognized that landowners owe a duty to invitees for the foreseeable criminal acts of third parties. Butler v. Acme Markets, Inc., 445 A.2d 1141,1144 (N.J. 1982) (holding that business owners have a duty to protect invitees from foreseeable criminal acts of third parties); see also Peguero v. Tau Kappa Epsilon Local Chapter, 106 A.3d 565, 573 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div. 2015) (applying the holding in Butler to a non-business relationship where defendant fraternity owed a duty to protect a person attending the defendant's party against foreseeable criminal acts). Foreseeability “‘is based on the defendant's knowledge of the risk of injury.'” Vizzoni v. B.M.D., 212 A.3d 962, 970 ( N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div. 2019) (quoting J.S. v. R.T.H., 714 A.2d 924, 928 (N.J. 1998)). “That knowledge may arise from actual awareness ... or knowledge may be constructive when the defendant was in a position to foresee and discover the risk of harm.” Id. After establishing foreseeability of the harm, courts then determine whether “fairness and policy considerations support the imposition of a duty.” Coleman v. Martinez, 254 A.3d 632, 642 (N.J. 2021) (quoting Jerkins v. Anderson, 922 A.2d 1279, 1284 (N.J. 2007)).
Furthermore, the Trustees are immune from simple negligence suits, except with regard to negligent supervision claims, under the Charitable Immunity Act (“CIA”), and thus, Plaintiff must allege gross negligence by the Trustees in maintaining Princeton's campus to survive dismissal. See K.L. v. Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, No. 21-1508, 2022 WL 2207830, at *2 (3d Cir. 2022) (holding that plaintiff's negligence claims against a university are barred by the CIA). The CIA “immunizes simple negligence only,” and does not bar plaintiffs from “pursuing claims for willful, wanton or grossly negligent conduct.” Hardwicke v. Am. Boychoir School, 902 A.2d 900, 918 (N.J. 2006); see also, N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:53A-7. Gross negligence requires the same elements as ordinary negligence, but a plaintiff must plead “something more than ‘inattention' or ‘mistaken judgment. Moretz v. Trustees of Princeton, No. 21-19822, 2023 WL 9017155, at *5 (D.N.J. Dec. 29, 2023); see also, Doe ex rel. Doe v. Small, 654 F.Supp.3d 376, 396 (D.N.J. Feb. 2, 2023) (stating gross negligence is “the failure to exercise slight care or diligence” (quoting Steinberg v. Sahara Sam's Oasis, LLC, 142 A.3d 742, 745 (2016))). Accordingly, Plaintiff's premises liability claim hinges on whether it was reasonably foreseeable that Hamad was sexually assaulting Plaintiff and that the Trustees failed to exercise even “slight care or diligence” in the investigation, detection or prevention of Hamad's sexual molestation of Plaintiff. Doe ex rel. Doe, 654 F.Supp.3d at 396 (quoting Steinberg, 142 A.3d at 745).
Under the CIA, a “nonprofit corporation [and its trustees] . . . organized exclusively for . . . educational purposes” are not liable for the negligence of any agent or servant of such nonprofit corporation when the plaintiff is a beneficiary of the nonprofit corporation. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:53A-7. The Trustees, as a university organized for educational purposes, meet the statutory definition of a charitable institution under the CIA. See K.L., 2022 WL 2207830, at n. 5 (“[C]olleges plainly meet the statutory definition of a charitable institution under the CIA.” (citing O'Connell v. State, 795 A.2d 857, 866 (N.J. 2002))). The Plaintiff is a beneficiary of the Trustees. See Lax v. Princeton Univ., 779 A.2d 449, 452 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div. 2001) (noting that a plaintiff who uses the facilities of a university, despite not being a student, is still considered a beneficiary of a university “because the use of its facilities by members of the general public serves ‘important social and recreational needs of the community'” (quoting Bieker v. Community House of Moorestown, 777 A.2d 37, 43 (N.J. 2001))).
In addition, in 2006, the New Jersey Legislature amended the CIA to exclude from charitable immunity, claims of “negligent hiring, supervision or retention” when the plaintiff is a minor and alleges sexual assault. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:53A-7.4.
First, this Court must determine whether Plaintiff alleged sufficient facts demonstrating that the Trustees owed her a duty of care, that is, whether the Trustees should have foreseen Hamad's sexual assault of Plaintiff but failed to intervene. Plaintiff claims that the Trustees had constructive knowledge of Hamad's sexual abuse based on the Proctors' questioning “Plaintiff on many occasions if [Hamad] was her so-called ‘boyfriend.'” (Am. Compl. at *6; ECF No. 42 at 19.) The Amended Complaint does not provide how or whether the Plaintiff responded to these claimed inquiries. (See generally, Am. Compl.) For example, there is no indication whether she conveyed to the unidentified “Proctor” that she and Hamad were in a romantic/sexual relationship, whether she indicated they were platonic friends, or whether Harnad was an older brother, cousin, or family member. (Id.)
Traditionally, a landowner's duty in premises liability cases “was dictated by common-law classifications of whether the plaintiff on the premises was an invitee, a licensee, or a mere trespasser.” Peguero, 106 A.3d at 572; see also Shelley v. Linden High School, No. 19-20907, 2022 WL 1284732, at *4 (D.N.J. Apr. 29, 2022) (stating that “landowners owe a duty to guard against dangerous conditions on the property only to invitees.”). While Plaintiff argues that she was an invitee, “modem case law has eschewed such rigid categories” in favor of “a more flexible analysis rooted in considerations of reasonable care.” Id. (citing Hopkins v. Fox & Lazo Realtors, 625 A.2d 1110, 1113 (N.J. 1993)); see also Shelley, 2022 WL 1284732, at *4 (in a premises liability case, the court abandoned the delineation of the plaintiff's status as an invitee for purposes of determining defendant's duty and instead analyzed the existence of a duty based on a totality of the circumstances, including foreseeability of the harm, fairness and policy considerations.) Accordingly, this Court's analysis focuses on whether the Trustees had constructive knowledge of Plaintiff's sexual assault such that this harm was foreseeable.
In addition, nowhere in the Amended Complaint does the Plaintiff allege that she, or anyone else reported Harnad to anyone at Princeton for his sexually deviant behavior at anytime until the commencement of this lawsuit in October 2021. (Id.)', but see Moretz, 2023 WL 9017155 at *5 (where court found plaintiff sufficiently pled higher standard of gross negligence where complaint alleged defendant university had actual knowledge of teacher's prior sexual misconduct, when two former students reported him to university and university failed to take basic steps to protect plaintiff, a current student in teacher's class, who was later assaulted by the same teacher). While the Court must give the Plaintiff the benefit of all reasonable inferences, here, without more, the simple claimed neutral inquiry by unnamed and otherwise unidentified persons as to the nature of the relationship does not permit the Court to draw any inference - for or against - regarding the Plaintiff's claims. Kulwicki, 969 F.2d at 1462 (3d Cir. 1992).
While Plaintiff was fourteen years old when Hamad allegedly abused her, the Amended Complaint does not claim that the Proctors knew of Plaintiff's age. (See generally, Am. Compl.; ECF No. 42 at 1); see also G.A.-H v. K.G.G., 210 A.3d 907, 917 (2019) (reversing summary judgment for the plaintiff because defendant had no knowledge plaintiff was a minor when it is “difficult to know someone's age based upon appearance alone” and in order to show knowledge, defendant “would have to perceive the difference between someone who is above or below the age of consent based upon appearance alone”).
The court notes that Plaintiff's Amended Complaint does not allege that any of the Proctors actually witnessed Hamad's grooming, but that the Proctors should have known of Harnad's grooming because it occurred “in plain sight.” (Am. Compl. at *4.) However, many of Plaintiff's allegations of grooming (e.g. when Hamad hypnotized Plaintiff, had her sit on his lap, and gave her marijuana) occurred out of public view in Hamad's classroom or office, while the behavior that occurred in plain sight consisted of Hamad talking to Plaintiff, eating lunch with her, and picking her up in his car. (Id. at *3-5.) In addition, the Amended Complaint states that Harnad held Plaintiff's hand, with Plaintiff, “and her sister, sometimes simultaneously,” in the presence of “university staff,” not the Proctors. (Am. Compl. at *5) (alleging that Hamad spoke to, walked with, and bought food for Plaintiff in plain sight of the Proctors.) Plaintiff then alleges that the Proctors' questioning of whether Hamad was Plaintiff's boyfriend was proof that the Proctors “were keenly aware of the visible grooming of a sexual nature.” (Id. at *6.) Implicitly, this means the Proctors' awareness of Hamad's sexual grooming was based solely on viewing Plaintiff and Harnad engaging in activities that are, without knowledge of Hamad's sexual impurities, not sexual in nature. (Id.) The Proctors' failure to investigate Hamad based on the grooming allegations that occurred in plain sight, at most, constituted misjudgment or inattention. See Moretz, 2023 WL 9017155 at *5 (explaining gross negligence requires plaintiff to plead “something more than ‘inattention' or ‘mistaken judgment.'”) Accordingly, the Plaintiff's Amended Complaint fails to include sufficient details to establish the more stringent standard of gross negligence, whereby the Plaintiff must show the Trustees actions constituted more than just inattention or misjudgment as to the Plaintiff. See Moretz, 2023 WL 9017155 at *5; Doe ex rel. Doe, 654 F.Supp. at 396.
The Amended Complaint's allegations of grooming that occurred in plain sight and the Proctors' questioning, without more, fail to show that the Proctors had constructive or actual knowledge that Hamad was sexually abusing Plaintiff. See G.A.-H, 210 A.3d at 917 (where plaintiff sued defendant, a co-worker of plaintiff's abuser, for failing to report abuse because defendant knew, or should have known, plaintiff was being abused on account of defendant allegedly seeing a naked photo of plaintiff on co-workers phone and hearing co-worker discuss his young girlfriend, and court held such “facts do not establish that [defendant] knew [co-worker] was engaged in a sexual relationship with minor [plaintiff].”); see also Peguero, 106 A.3d at 565 (holding that defendant fraternity had no duty to the plaintiff to protect against the independent crime of a third party because “there was no previous pattern of criminal conduct at the fraternity members' house that would have or should have alerted the individual defendants that an unknown third-party would pull out a gun and shoot at another guest in the backyard”); Jackson-Locklear, 2018 WL 1942521, at *4 (finding that defendant fraternity was not aware of assailant's sexual assault of plaintiff at defendant's party because defendant was not “aware that [plaintiff's] assailant was a risk to women” or of any “prior improper conduct by the assailant”).
Plaintiff has failed to cite to any precedential New Jersey case with analogous circumstances to support the holding that a university has a duty to protect a non-student from unforeseeable criminal acts which occurred off campus. (ECF No. 42 at 14) (citing only to Clohesy, Trentacost, and Braitman to support Plaintiff's argument that a duty exists in the instance case, yet such cases involved landlord-tenant or patronbusiness owner relationships, not a university and non-student (see Clohesy, 694 A.2d at 1023', Trentacost v. Brussel, 412 A.2d 436, 445 (N.J. 1980); and Braitman v. Overlook Terrace Corp., 346 A.2d 76, 84 (N.J. 1975)).)
Next, the Court turns to Plaintiff's argument that the several incidences of violent crime on Princeton's campus following Princeton's adoption of the “Open Campus” policy made the occurrence of sexual assault foreseeable. (ECF No. 42 at 17-18.) “New Jersey courts look to knowledge of prior similar offenses and awareness of prior threats or acts of violence to assess if a risk of harm is reasonably foreseeable in instances of third-party criminal acts.” Shelley, 2022 WL 1284732, at *4 (citing Coleman, 254 A.3d at 642). Plaintiff cites Clohesy v. Food Circus Supermarkets, Inc., where the Supreme Court of New Jersey considered prior lesser criminal acts on the property and surrounding area, the nature of the premises, the lack of a security guard, and national crime statistics in the area to determine that the abduction and murder of the elderly plaintiff was reasonably foreseeable and imposed a duty of care on the defendant. 694 A.2d 1017, 1023 (N.J. 1997.) Plaintiff cites Clohesy to argue that “foreseeability can stem from prior criminal acts that are lesser in degree than the one committed against a plaintiff,” and thus, the robberies, purse snatchings, and stabbing on Princeton's campus were sufficient to put the Trustees on notice that a sexual assault could occur. (ECF No. 42 at 16.)
The instant case is distinguishable from Clohesy because the Trustees employed Proctors, i.e. security officers, to monitor the premises and implemented a curfew in the face of rising crime rates. (See Ex. B to Am. Compl.) In contrast in Clohesy, one of the factors the court considered was the defendant's failure to implement any security measures in the parking lot despite an uptick in crime. See Clohesy, 694 A.2d at 1019.
While the crime statistics on Princeton's campus should be considered under the totality of the circumstances approach, “no New Jersey court has ever found that such information, standing alone, is sufficient to find that an offense is reasonably foreseeable to a defendant.” Jackson-Locklear, 2018 WL 1942521, at *4 (citing Peguero, 106 A.3d at 565). The unrelated spree of criminal incidences - involving property crimes and other non-sexual violence - on Princeton's campus do not establish the Trustees' constructive knowledge of sexual assault, and thus does not make Hamad's criminal acts foreseeable. Shelley, 2022 WL 1284732 at * 4 (holding that the passage of legislation addressing child sex abuse, “along with a general increase in public awareness surrounding child abuse, do not establish that” plaintiff's alleged child sex abuse is reasonably foreseeable”); see also Jackson-Locklear, 2018 WL 1942521, at *4 (citing Peguero, 106 A.3d at 565).
While Plaintiff alleges that the Trustees committed “gross negligence [and] recklessness” by failing to investigate Hamad, the Amended Complaint is devoid of facts that suggest the Trustees acted with such scant care towards the Plaintiff considering the Trustees employed campus security, instituted a curfew following reports of violence, and the Proctors approached Plaintiff to confirm the nature of her relationship with Hamad. (Am. Compl. at *6; Ex. B); see also Bass v. House of Prayer Cogic of Orange, No. A-1284-20, 2021 WL 6132768 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div. 2021) (a plaintiff may not “circumvent or avoid the protection given by the [CIA] merely by making unspecified allegations of gross negligence” lest the CIA be rendered “so ineffective as to be virtually meaningless” (quoting Monaghan v. Holy Trinity Church, 646 A.2d 1130, 1136 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div. 1994))).
Further, while Plaintiff argues that Hamad's grooming took place on Princeton's campus, thereby enabling the sexual assault, the actual sexual assault occurred off premises. K.G. v. Owl City, No. 17-8118,2018 WL 6705679, at *6 (D.N.J Dec. 20,2018) (holding that band management and other members of band could not be liable for the conduct of a single bandmember despite bandmember using concerts to lure minor victim who bandmember sexually assaulted off premises of concert because the assault was unforeseeable and the band and band management owed no duty to the minor victim for conduct that occurred outside concert venue); see also See W.H. v. R.C., No. 19-13548, 2020 WL 1041390, at *4 (D.N.J. Mar. 4, 2020). Accordingly, Plaintiff's premises liability claims, Counts Two and Three, are dismissed.
The parties' briefs focus on the existence of the Trustees' duty to Plaintiff with regard to Counts II, III, and IV. (See generally ECF Nos. 34, 42, 45.) The Trustees do not challenge the Amended Complaint's allegations regarding the remaining elements of a negligence claim (i.e. breach of a duty, proximate cause, and injury), and the Court likewise does not address them.
2. COUNT FOUR - NEGLIGENT SUPERVISION
Similar to her premises liability claim, Plaintiff argues that she sufficiently established a negligent supervision claim because the Trustees knew or should have known that Hamad posed a threat to Plaintiff. (ECF No. 42 at 21.) The Trustees respond similarly to this claim as they did for Counts Two and Three, supra, that the Amended Complaint is devoid of facts showing that Trustees knew or had reason to know of Hamad's sexual assault. (ECF No. 34 at 14.)
To establish a negligent supervision or training claim, “the plaintiff must prove that (1) an employer knew or had reason to know that the failure to supervise or train an employee in a certain way would create a risk of harm and (2) that risk of harm materializes and causes the plaintiffs damages.” G.A.-H., 210 A.3d at 916. Because these claims are separate from the theory of respondeat superior, an employer's “liability for negligent supervision may properly be based on actions taken by an employee outside the scope of their employment.” Simonson v. Formisano, No. 20-20480, 2021 WL 2221328, at *5 (D.N.J. June 1, 2021).
On similar grounds that the Court dismissed Counts Two and Three, Plaintiff's negligent supervision claim also fails to establish that the Trustees knew or had reason to know the risk Harnad posed to the Plaintiff. See Gjeka v. Delaware Cnty. Comty. Coll., No. 12-4548, 2013 WL 2257727, at *13 (E.D. Pa. May 23, 2013) (dismissing negligent supervision claim against college where plaintiff failed to plead facts that professor's conduct was “reasonably foreseeable”); see K.G., 2018 WL 6705679, at *5 (granting motion to dismiss a negligent supervision claim because complaint was devoid of facts “that defendants knew or should have known that employee was unfit or dangerous or could have reasonably foreseen that he would sexually assault a third party”). The Amended Complaint does not establish the Trustees knew or should have known that Hamad was “unfit or dangerous prior to” Plaintiffs allegations. M.H. by D.H., 2020 WL 6281686, at *10; see also Moretz, 2023 WL 9017155 at *3 (noting timing is an important part of a negligent supervision claim as the employer must know of the employee's dangerous attribute “before the employee takes the action which causes a plaintiff's injury.”) (citing Westberry v. State Operated Sch. Dist. Of Newark, Civ. No. 15-07998, 2017 WL 2216395, at *11 (D.N.J. May 19, 2017)). Accordingly, Count Four is dismissed.
To establish a successful negligent supervision claim, Plaintiff must show that Hamad is an employee of the Trustees. See DiCosala v. Kay, 450 A.2d 508 (N.J. 1982). Because Hamad's criminal acts were not foreseeable, the Court need not address whether Hamad is an employee of the Trustees for purposes of establishing a negligent supervision claim. However, the fact that Plaintiff could not definitively state that Hamad was an employee of the Trustees is not grounds for dismissing Plaintiff's negligent supervision claim. See Doe v. Boys & Girls Club of Clifton, No. 20-3008, 2021 WL 3400862, at *8 (D.N.J. Aug. 4, 2021) (finding plaintiff's negligent supervision claim survived defendant's motion to dismiss even though it might come to light later in discovery that plaintiff's alleged abuser is not defendant's employee).
3. Count Five - Negligent and Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
Plaintiff's negligent infliction of emotional distress (“NIED”) claim as to the Trustees is based on the same argument and facts as Plaintiff's premises liability claims in Counts Two and Three-that Trustees owed Plaintiff a duty because the Proctors' questioning of Plaintiff meant Hamad's sexual abuse was foreseeable. (ECF No. 42 at 24.) To establish a NIED claim, a plaintiff must show that “defendant's conduct was negligent and proximately caused plaintiff's injuries. The negligence of defendant, however, depends on whether defendant owes a duty of care to the plaintiff, which is analyzed in terms of foreseeability.” Decker v. Princeton Packet, Inc. 561 A.2d 1122, 1127 (N.J. 1989). Accordingly, this claim fails as to the Trustees for the same reasons as Plaintiff's premises liability claims do. See Counts Two and Three, supra
Plaintiff's brief does not address her NIED claim under a respondeat superior theory of liability. Shelley, 2022 WL 1284732 at n. 4. Assuming, arguendo, that Hamad were an employee of the Trustees, even under a respondeat superior theory, the Trustees are not liable for the torts that their employee committed “beyond the scope of [his] employment.” Brijall v. Harrah's Atl. City, 905 F.Supp.2d 617, 622 (D.N.J. 2012); see also Moody v. Atl. City Bd. of Educ., 870 F.3d 206, 216 (3d Cir. 2017) (“[T]he general rule is that sexual harassment committed by [an employee] is not conduct within the scope of employment.”). Hamad's off-campus sexual assault of Plaintiff would be characterized as “beyond the scope of his employment.” Id.
Plaintiff's Amended Complaint alleges that Hamad groomed her and sexually abused her on multiple occasions, resulting in severe emotional distress. (Am. Compl., Count Five ¶ 2.) Plaintiff's allegations establish that Hamad owed Plaintiff a duty to act with reasonable care because it was reasonably foreseeable that Hamad's sexual molestation would result in Plaintiff's emotional distress. See Decker v. Princeton Packet, Inc., 561 A.2d 1122, 1128 (N.J. 1989) (to establish a duty in an NIED claim, a plaintiff must show it is “reasonably foreseeable that the tortious conduct will cause genuine and substantial emotional distress or mental harm to average persons”). Because Plaintiff's Amended Complaint sufficiently establishes that Hamad owed Plaintiff a duty and his tortious conduct caused “genuine and substantial emotional distress” to the Plaintiff, her NIED claim as to Hamad survives. (Id.)
To state a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”), a plaintiff must show that the defendant's conduct was “(1) extreme and outrageous, (2) intentional or reckless, (3) caused emotional distress, and (4) that distress was severe.” Lankford v. Clifton Police Dep't, 546 F.Supp.3d 296, 323 (D.N.J. 2021) (citing Chuy v. Philadelphia Eagles Football Club, 595 F.2d 1265, 1273 (3d Cir. 1979)). “In order to establish ‘extreme and outrageous' conduct, a plaintiff must sufficiently plead factual allegations to show the defendant's conduct was ‘so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.'” Witherspoon v. Rent-A-Center, Inc., 173 F.Supp.2d 239, 242 (D.N.J. 2001).
The Amended Complaint does not allege any facts of the Trustees that meet the “elevated threshold” for finding outrageous conduct. M.H. by D.H. v. C.M., No. 20-01807, 2020 WL 6281686, at *10 (D.N.J. Oct. 27, 2020) (granting defendant school's motion to dismiss plaintiff's TIED claim even when defendant school failed to properly investigate plaintiff's complaint of sexual abuse by her boyfriend at school). Nothing in the Amended Complaint raises to this level of ‘extreme and outrageous' conduct by the Trustees, nor does the Amended Complaint suggest that the Trustees intended for Hamad to sexually assault Plaintiff or acted recklessly with regard to Plaintiff. See Doe ex rel. Doe, 654 F.Supp.3d at 401 (dismissing plaintiff's IIED claim because complaint does not allege that defendant knew of plaintiff's abuse); see also M.H. by D.H., 2020 WL 6281686, at *11 (dismissing plaintiff's IIED claim because complaint fails to indicate defendants “recklessly allowed” for sexual assault of plaintiff). Because the Amended Complaint fails to allege “extreme and outrageous” conduct by the Trustees, Count Five is dismissed. See A.B. for C.D. v. Vineland Bd. of Educ., No. 17-11509, 2018 WL 3141831, at *8 (D.N.J. June 27, 2018) (finding school did not act in an “extreme and outrageous” manner for failing to stop one student from sexually assaulting another student during school hours).
The Trustees' present two additional grounds for dismissing Plaintiffs Amended Complaint. First, the Complaint fails to comply with Rule 10(b) because the Amended Complaint does not list the factual allegations in numbered paragraphs. However, this Court has discretion to dismiss a complaint when it fails to comply with Rule 10(b). See Rosado, 2017 WL 2495407, at *3. Second, Defendant argues that the 2019 Amendments to the CSAA are limited to sexual abuse claims against defendants who were the direct cause of the abuse or stood in loco parentis. (ECF No. 34 at 7.) Because this Court grants the Trustees' Motion to Dismiss on the merits of Plaintiff's negligence claims, the Court need not address these additional arguments. With regard to Hamad, this argument is inapplicable because Plaintiff s Amended Complaint alleges that Hamad directly caused her abuse. (Am. Compl., Count One.)
As to Hamad, Plaintiff's claims of Hamad grooming her on Princeton's campus -- giving her marijuana, hypnotizing her, and holding her hand - and sexually molesting her on multiple occasions constitute “willful, wanton, [and] malicious” conduct that resulted in her severe emotional distress. (Am. Compl., Count Five ¶ 3.); see Bernard v. Cosby, 648 F.Supp.3d 558, 575 (D.N.J. Jan. 3, 2023) (finding plaintiff who alleged defendant drugged and sexually assaulted her, causing permanent injuries, sufficiently pled an IIED claim); see also, Wigginton v. Servidio, 734 A.2d 798, 801 ( N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div. 1999) (finding IIED claim where plaintiff alleged a single incident of sexual harassment coupled with plaintiff's intense reaction). Thus, Plaintiff's claim of IIED against Hamad survives this Motion to Dismiss.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants' Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED as to Counts Two through Five against the Trustees and DENIED as to Count Five against Harnad. Plaintiff's claims against the Trustees are DISMISSED without prejudice. Plaintiff may file an amended complaint as to the Trustees that cures the deficiencies identified in this Opinion within forty-five (45) days of the date of this Opinion. An appropriate Order will accompany this Opinion.