Opinion
No. 14-08-00146-CR
Opinion filed February 19, 2009. DO NOT PUBLISH — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
On Appeal from the 405th District Court Galveston County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 07CR0773.
Panel consists of Justices YATES, SEYMORE, and BOYCE.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found appellant, Clarence Moore Jr. guilty of aggravated robbery and assessed punishment at thirty years' confinement and a $1,000 fine. In five issues, appellant contends the trial court erred by (1) refusing to grant his motion to inspect the State's records pertaining to prospective jurors, (2) failing to dismiss the charge on the basis of factual insufficiency, (3) admitting identification evidence, (4) not allowing him to exercise additional peremptory challenges, and (5) admitting evidence at the punishment phase. Because our disposition is based on clearly settled law, we issue this memorandum opinion and affirm. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On the evening of December 12, 2006, two men robbed Catherine Cockerham at gunpoint while she was working at a game room in Texas City. Using the videotape from a surveillance camera, investigators identified appellant as a possible suspect. Cockerham subsequently selected appellant's photograph from a six-photo array, and appellant was charged with aggravated robbery. Appellant filed a pretrial motion requesting the court to prohibit the State's use of computers. In relation to use of computers during voir dire, appellant argued (1) the State might attempt to discover whether one or more venirepersons had a record of arrests or criminal convictions, (2) appellant did not have access to such data, and (3) as a result, the State would have an unfair advantage in exercising its strikes and challenges. The trial court denied the motion. At the close of voir dire, the State and appellant struck nine venirepersons by agreement in lieu of asking them additional questions. Each side then listed its peremptory strikes, and the trial court observed appellant had struck nine persons from the main panel and two from the alternate list. Appellant responded that he understood the peremptory strikes were for the entire panel. The court then explained the law provided for ten strikes for the main panel and one strike for the alternate list. Appellant objected, and the trial court overruled the objection. Neither of the two prospective alternates served. At trial, Cockerham testified she was working at Sonny's Game Room in Texas City on December 12. She worked alone although her husband was present to keep her company. Around 9:30 p.m., appellant entered the game room. Cockerham had never seen appellant before. Appellant told Cockerham he was looking for his grandmother. Cockerham told appellant his grandmother was not there, but might be at one of the other local game rooms. Appellant said he did not know the location of one of the game rooms. Cockerham reached under the counter and took a piece of paper from a new package of paper she had bought earlier that day. She gave the paper to her husband, and he drew appellant a map to the game room. Thanking Cockerham and her husband, appellant took the map and left. About an hour and a half later, appellant came back to Sonny's and told Cockerham he could not find the other game room. Appellant put the hand-drawn map on the counter. As Cockerham was trying to explain the directions to appellant, a second man entered the game room. The second man was wearing a black hoodie and his tee-shirt was covering his face, as if he were cold. The masked man acknowledged appellant and then came around the counter. The next thing Cockerham knew, "there's a gun laid on the counter right beside my arm." It was a thirty-eight caliber, snub-nose revolver. Cockerham began to step back, but appellant grabbed her arm and pulled her forward. Appellant patted Cockerham's arm and told her not to worry, that it was "okay." He said they did not want to hurt anyone. He told Cockerham all they wanted was the money and then they would leave. The masked man took a bank bag containing between $1500 and $1700. Appellant put the gun back in his pocket and left with the masked man. After the two men left, Cockerham locked the door and activated the panic button. She then waited for the Texas City Police officers. At that point, the map was still on the counter. Cockerham guessed the police collected it. Outside the presence of the jury, the State showed Cockerham the photographic lineup which she had previously viewed. Cockerham testified the officers had not indicated which photograph she should choose. Cockerham testified she had identified the unmasked man with the gun. Cockerham testified she had written, "I believe that this is the man that robbed me at Sonny's Game Room," beneath the fifth photograph in the lineup (State's exhibit nineteen). On cross-examination, appellant attempted to have Cockerham agree there were only two light-skinned black males in the six-person lineup. Although Cockerham agreed the men in the photographs did not all have the same skin tone, she also testified she considered only two were darker. Appellant questioned Cockerham on her choice of the word "believe" when she identified his photograph in the lineup. When appellant suggested this term meant Cockerham had a doubt, Cockerham answered she "really didn't." Appellant objected to the photographic lineup because Cockerham did not positively identify him. He then moved to suppress the identification evidence. Appellant argued four photographs were of dark skinned men and only two were of lighter skin tone. Therefore, he contended, Cockerham had a fifty-fifty chance of identifying him. In response, the State asked Cockerham whether, at the present time, she could identify the man who had not been wearing a mask. Cockerham responded that she could. Appellant again objected, arguing he was the only person sitting at counsel table who was on trial. The trial court overruled the objection, and Cockerham identified appellant. On cross-examination, appellant questioned Cockerham about appellant's build. Cockerham admitted she might have been mistaken that appellant was muscular. Finally, in response to a question from the court, appellant argued the in-court identification was based on an unfair photographic spread. The trial court overruled appellant's objections, allowed evidence of the photographic lineup and the in-court identification, and admitted the photographs. With the jury again present, the State showed Cockerham the six photographs from the lineup. Cockerham testified she was able to identify the unmasked man with the gun who robbed her. She testified that State's exhibit number nineteen, which was the fifth photograph she saw, was of appellant. Cockerham then identified appellant in the courtroom. Cockerham identified State's exhibit number one as a photograph of the map her husband drew for appellant. Cockerham testified that the game room is equipped with a surveillance system. She said she took the surveillance recording to the Texas City Police Department. The surveillance video was admitted and played for the jury, with Cockerham explaining what was happening as the recording played. On cross-examination, Cockerham agreed that four of the six men in the photographs had darker skin tone. She agreed the robber had a lighter skin tone. Later, she testified she believed more than two men in the photographs were lighter skinned. Cockerham also agreed she had written, "I believe," when she had identified appellant. Cockerham explained she wrote, "I believe," because the detective asked her whether she believed to the best of her knowledge the photograph was of the person she had seen. Cockerham said it was a figure of speech. Cockerham agreed she had based her identification on pretty lips, pretty eyes, and a medium muscular build. Cockerham explained that she might have been wrong about appellant's build because he was wearing a jacket during the robbery. She testified she could not say whether appellant had braids because he was wearing a hat. Cockerham testified that her husband "for reasons of his own," did not identify appellant from the photographic lineup. As in the suppression hearing, appellant attempted to get Cockerham to say she had guessed when she identified appellant. Cockerham testified she did not guess. Texas City Patrol Officer Robert Judson Sr. testified he was dispatched to Sonny's Game Room on December 12, 2006. When Judson arrived, he was informed the room had just been robbed. Judson spoke to Cockerham. Judson described Cockerham as hysterical, upset, and very shaken up. Judson recovered a white piece of paper with a hand-drawn map from the counter top near where appellant had stood. Detective Ernest Robles was assigned to conduct the follow-up investigation. Robles testified he interviewed five or six people and developed leads about the possible identification of the unmasked man with the gun. The leads eventually led Robles to the Webster Police Department, where he contacted Detectives Jeremy Dailey and James Latham. Robles showed the surveillance video from the game room to the Webster detectives. They both made an identification. Based on the Webster detectives' identifications, Robles obtained a photograph of appellant. Robles placed appellant's photograph in a photographic lineup. He presented the lineup to Cockerham. Robles explained he presented a document to Cockerham before showing her the photo spread. Robles described the document as containing four statements which (1) informed Cockerham she would be viewing the lineup; (2) she should not guess; (3) it is just as important to clear an innocent person from suspicion as it is to identify the guilty; and (4) she should not discuss with any witnesses whether she identified someone. Robles testified Cockerham identified the robber who was not wearing a mask and who had the gun. On cross-examination, Robles testified Cockerham's husband did not recognize anyone from the photo lineup. Robles testified he put the lineup together as fairly as he could. Robles disagreed with appellant that there were only two light-skinned men between whom Cockerham could choose. Webster police Detectives Dailey and Latham testified they met with Robles. The Webster detectives watched the surveillance video from the robbery at Sonny's Game Room. Both detectives testified they identified appellant as the unmasked man with the gun. On cross-examination, Latham said he knew appellant because he had come in contact with him on several occasions. Officer Rodney Todd, of the Texas City Police Department Crime Scene Unit, testified he processed three sheets of paper, one of which contained a hand-drawn map. Todd applied Ninhydrin to the paper, and fingerprints became visible. Todd testified if there is no known suspect, the prints would be scanned into their automated fingerprint identification index (AFIX) to determine whether there is a match. Todd explained Galveston police use the automated fingerprint index system (AFIS), which is more complex than AFIX and is linked to other state and federal fingerprint databases. Prints the Texas City department cannot identify are sent to the Galveston Police Department for entry into AFIS. Connie Pearson, of the Galveston Police Department Fingerprint Section, testified that on January 5, 2007, she received a packet of unknown fingerprints relating to this case. She testified she was asked to enter the fingerprints into AFIS. Pearson entered the fingerprints into AFIS, but did not receive any matches. Pearson testified she was also asked to compare the fingerprints from the map with appellant's prints taken from the DPS database. Pearson made the comparison. She found that appellant's right thumb and third finger matched the fingerprints on the map. Pearson stated that, before she came to testify, she had requested appellant's fingerprints from the county jail to make another comparison. Pearson testified the fingerprints matched. Pearson identified appellant and testified she had no doubt the fingerprints on the map were appellant's. Texas City Police Sergeant James Biery Jr. testified he entered the fingerprints from the map into AFIX, but did not receive a match. Biery then sent the fingerprints to Pearson for entry into AFIS to compare with appellant's known prints. After Pearson's comparison, Biery testified he verified Pearson's findings. Biery testified appellant's right middle finger and right thumb matched the prints from the map. Biery testified he fully concurred with Pearson's findings. After the State rested, appellant filed a motion for an instructed verdict. Appellant argued the State failed to prove appellant was the robber. The trial court denied appellant's motion. Appellant did not present a defense. During deliberations there were several communications from the jury, including a request to compare the video surveillance with a mug shot of appellant and a request to see appellant's face up close and from the front and side. The trial court denied the request. The jury found appellant guilty, and the case proceeded to the punishment phase. Appellant pleaded true to an enhancement paragraph resulting from a March 12, 1997 Galveston County conviction for delivery of marijuana. The State then informed the court it planned to introduce a certified copy of the Galveston County judgment. Initially, appellant did not object. However, after reviewing the document, appellant objected to the attached motion to revoke community supervision, which listed a San Bernadino County, California conviction as the ground for revocation. The State replied that the Galveston County judgment incorporated the motion "by reference for all purposes." The trial court overruled appellant's objection and admitted the Galveston County judgment with the attached motion. The jury assessed punishment at thirty years' confinement and a $1,000 fine.II. DISCUSSION
A. Jury Selection
Issue one: denial of the request to allow appellant to inspect the State's records. In issue one, appellant argues the trial court "erred in refusing to grant [appellant's] Motion to allow inspection of the records and acquired information held by the [State] which relate to the juror's [sic] qualifications to serve on jury trials held in Galveston County, Texas." In the trial court, appellant initiated this request by written motion asking the court to prevent the State from using computers during voir dire. He contended the computerized records contained information about venire members' arrests and criminal convictions. At the hearing on this motion, appellant argued the State should be required to share the information with appellant or be denied its use. He did not further specify the nature of the information at issue. The trial court denied the motion. In this court, appellant complains he was denied access to information on how venire members voted in prior trials. This complaint does not comport with his complaint in the trial court. He failed to preserve this issue for review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002). In addition, with regard to the merits of his complaint, the State generally has no obligation to furnish defense counsel with information it has regarding prospective jurors. See Etheridge v. State, 903 S.W.2d 1, 7 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994). Accordingly, we overrule appellant's first issue. Issue four: request to use two peremptory strikes against prospective alternate jurors. In issue four, appellant argues the trial court should have permitted him to exercise additional peremptory challenges. Specifically, he requested the trial court to permit him to exercise two strikes against potential alternate jurors. "In non-capital felony cases . . ., the State and defendant shall each be entitled to ten peremptory challenges." Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 35.15(b) (Vernon 2006). Article 35.15 also provides:The State and the defendant shall each be entitled to one peremptory challenge in addition to those otherwise allowed by law if one or two alternate jurors are to be impaneled. . . . The additional peremptory challenges provided by this subsection may be used against an alternate juror only, and the other peremptory challenges allowed by law may not be used against an alternate juror.Id. (d). The defendant's request directly contravened the procedure set forth in article 35.15(d). Accordingly, the trial court correctly denied appellant's request, and we overrule appellant's fourth issue.
B. Trial Issues
Issue two: sufficiency of the evidence. In issue two, appellant argues the trial court "erred when on proper motion by the Defendant the Trial Court failed to dismiss the charges on the basis of the factual sufficiency of the evidence presented by [the State] during its phase of the trial." At the close of the State's case, appellant moved for an instructed verdict on the ground the State failed to prove he was the robber. A challenge to the denial of a motion for instructed verdict is actually a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Bargas v. State, 252 S.W.3d 876, 886 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.); see Williams v. State, 937 S.W.2d 479, 482 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). In this court, appellant does not refer to legal insufficiency, but cites the standards for both legal and factual sufficiency. See, e.g., Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979) (legal sufficiency); Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996) (factual sufficiency). We therefore address both the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence. In considering a legal sufficiency challenge, we review all evidence in the light most favorable to the finding and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). In examining a factual sufficiency challenge, we view all evidence in a neutral light and set aside the verdict "`only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.'" Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 407 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997) (quoting Clewis, 922 S.W.2d at 129). Before we may reverse for factual insufficiency, we must first conclude, with some objective basis in the record, that the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the jury's verdict. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 417 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006). As the court of criminal appeals recently explained:Both legal and factual sufficiency standards require the reviewing court to consider all of the evidence. "The difference between the two standards is that the former requires the reviewing court to defer to the jury's credibility and weight determinations while the latter permits the reviewing court to substitute its judgment for the jury's on these questions albeit to a very limited degree.'" In reality, a "factual-sufficiency review is barely distinguishable' from a Jackson v. Virginia legal sufficiency review."Rollerson v. State, 227 S.W.3d 718, 724 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007) (citations omitted). Appellant does not dispute the sufficiency of the evidence on the elements of aggravated robbery. Instead, he argues the evidence was insufficient to prove he was the person who committed the offense. Identification of the defendant as the person who committed the offense charged is part of the State's burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Miller v. State, 667 S.W.2d 773, 775 (Tex.Crim.App. 1984). Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the following evidence establishes appellant as the perpetrator of the robbery:
$ When shown the surveillance video from Sonny's Game Room, two Webster policemen, one of whom had contact with appellant on several occasions, identified appellant as the person in the video;
$ Two persons concluded fingerprints on the hand-drawn map left by the robber matched appellant's fingerprints;
$ Cockerham positively identified appellant's photograph as that of the unmasked man with the gun;
$ Although Cockerham had written beneath appellant's photo that she "believed" this was the man, she did not have a doubt about her identification of him and did not guess; and
$ Cockerham identified appellant in court.Appellant did not present any evidence, but relies on the following aspects of the State's case and on his cross-examination to argue the insufficiency of the evidence:
$ Cockerham's initial description of appellant as having a muscular build combined with her subsequent admission he was a small man;
$ Varying testimony regarding the skin tone of the men in the photo array from which Cockerham selected appellant's photograph;
$ Cockerham's use of the phrase, "I believe this is the man," when she selected appellant's photo from the array; and
$ Cockerham's husband's inability to identify appellant from the photo array.Considering all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude a rational trier of fact could have found the essential element of identity beyond a reasonable doubt. See King, 29 S.W.3d at 562. The evidence was therefore legally sufficient to prove appellant was the person who committed the aggravated robbery. Cockerham's descriptions of appellant and her husband's inability to identify appellant relate to the credibility and weight of Cockerham's identification of appellant. It was for the jury, as factfinder, to judge the weight and credibility to be given to witness testimony. Tran v. State, 221 S.W.3d 79, 87 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref'd). Having viewed all the evidence in a neutral light, we cannot conclude the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the jury's verdict. See Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 417. The evidence was therefore factually sufficient to prove appellant was the person who committed the aggravated robbery. Accordingly, we overrule appellant's second issue. Issue three: admission of identification evidence. In issue three, appellant challenges the trial court's admission of evidence of Cockerham's identification of appellant as the person who robbed her. Appellant contends the out-of-court photographic array was impermissibly suggestive and tainted Cockerham's in-court identification. The admissibility of an identification is generally a mixed question of law and fact, which we review de novo. Loserth v. State, 963 S.W.2d 770, 773 (Tex.Crim.App. 1998); Brown v. State, 29 S.W.3d 251, 254 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.). We follow two steps to determine whether a trial court erred in admitting an in-court identification. Barley v. State, 906 S.W.2d 27, 33 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995). First, we consider whether the pretrial identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive. Id. Second, if we conclude the procedure was impermissibly suggestive, we determine whether the procedure gave rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification. See id. Analysis under these steps requires an examination of the totality of the circumstances of the case and a determination of the reliability of the identification. Id. Reliability is the lynchpin in determining the admissibility of identification testimony. Webb v. State, 760 S.W.2d 263, 269 (Tex.Crim.App. 1988). It is appellant's burden to show by clear and convincing evidence that the in-court identification is unreliable. Delk v. State, 855 S.W.2d 700, 706 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993). A photo array must contain individuals who fit the rough description of a suspect; however, it is not essential that all individuals be identical. See Wilson v. State, 15 S.W.3d 544, 553 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1999, pet. ref'd). But see Tapley v. State, 673 S.W.2d 284, 286 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1984, pet. ref'd) (photo spread impermissibly suggestive when defendant was only Anglo in array). In this court, appellant argues the array was impermissibly suggestive because (1) appellant was the only person with an oblong face and (2) appellant had a different length of hair than the other men. In the trial court, however, appellant orally argued the array was impermissibly suggestive only because appellant had a light skin tone, and only one other man in the array had a similar skin tone. In his written motion, appellant had also contended the other man with lighter skin tone had very short hair, while appellant had longer hair. Appellant did not argue to the trial court that a difference in facial structure rendered the array impermissibly suggestive. He, therefore, has not preserved this argument. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); Wilson, 71 S.W.3d at 349. Turning to the argument regarding hair length, we observe that appellant and one other man in the photo array have medium length hair; three men, short hair; and one man, a receding hair line. There is no reason, however, to require the police to use photographs of persons with like hair styles. See Ward v. State, 474 S.W.2d 471, 476 n. 5 (Tex.Crim.App. 1971) ("Hair styles, like clothing styles, change rather rapidly. We see no reason for placing an impossible burden on the police by requiring them to use only photographs of persons with like hair styles."). Nevertheless, even if we could conclude this aspect of the procedure was suggestive, we cannot conclude it was impermissibly so. See Barley, 906 S.W.2d at 33-34. The difference in hair length would not have been relevant to Cockerham's identification of appellant because the robber was wearing a cap. Appellant has not shown by clear and convincing evidence the array, if suggestive, was impermissibly so. See id. Finally, assuming only for purposes of argument that the procedure was impermissibly suggestive, we cannot, as discussed below, conclude the procedure gave rise to a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification. We turn now to the second step of the analysis. To determine whether a suggestive procedure gave rise to a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification at trial, we ask whether the subsequent in-court identification testimony is reliable under the totality of the circumstances. See Webb, 760 S.W.2d at 269. In assessing reliability under the totality of the circumstances, we weigh the following five non-exclusive factors against the corrupting effect of any suggestive identification procedure: (1) the opportunity of the witness to view the perpetrator at the time of the crime; (2) the witness's degree of attention; (3) the accuracy of the witness's prior description of the perpetrator; (4) the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation; and (5) the length of time between the crime and the confrontation. Ibarra v. State, 11 S.W.3d 189, 195 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999) (citing Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199 (1972)). We consider these and other relevant factors deferentially in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling. See id. Viewing the factors in this light, we then weigh them de novo against the corrupting effect of the suggestive pretrial identification procedure. See id. at 195-96. Cockerham saw appellant twice the night of the crime. The first time he was in Sonny's Game Room long enough to get directions and for Cockerham's husband to draw him a map. The second time, appellant was two to two-and-a-half-feet from Cockerham, close enough to grab her by the arm. The surveillance videos show a total of at least one minute of contact between Cockerham and appellant. Cockerham had adequate opportunity to observe appellant. At times, Cockerham's face was within inches of appellant's face. During both encounters, Cockerham interacted with appellant and maintained eye contact with him. Cockerham afforded appellant a high degree of attention. Cockerham described appellant as being a black male of medium height with muscular build, dark brown eyes, and pretty lips. She was admittedly mistaken about his build because he was wearing a jacket the night of the robbery. She testified that, in selecting appellant's photo from the array, she "went by the lips and the eyes." Despite writing she "believe[d]" appellant was the man who robbed her, Cockerham repeatedly testified she did not guess or have a doubt. The only aspect that somewhat confused her was the hair because appellant had been wearing a cap. Cockerham used the word "believe," in response to the officer's question. It was a figure of speech. The robbery occurred on December 12, 2006; the photo identification, on February 22, 2007; and the in-court identification, on January 8, 2008. This time span, however, does not undermine the reliability of Cockersham's in-court identification. See Delk, 855 S.W.2d at 705-08 (concluding eighteen-month time span between robbery and in-court identification did not undermine reliability because witness remembered details and provided consistent testimony). After reviewing the totality of the circumstances, we conclude appellant has not shown by clear and convincing evidence that the photo array identification was impermissibly suggestive and that it resulted in a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification at trial. See Barley, 906 S.W.2d at 33-34; Delk, 855 S.W.2d at 706. Accordingly, we overrule appellant's third issue.
C. Punishment Phase
Issue five: admission of the motion to revoke community supervision attached to the judgment of conviction for an enhancement offense to which appellant pleaded true. In issue five, appellant argues the trial court erred in admitting, over appellant's objection, a motion to revoke community supervision. The motion at issue resulted in, was attached to, and was incorporated by reference in, a Galveston County judgment to which appellant pleaded true. Appellant had no objection to the Galveston County judgment itself. The motion to revoke referred to a 1995 conviction in San Bernadino County, California, as the sole ground for revocation. Appellant's objection to the motion to revoke consisted entirely of the following:In looking at this a second time, Judge, looking at the entire document, this is two separate documents. Now the judgment in [sic] the motion itself is two different things. We're going to object to the Motion to Revoke Probation, Community Supervision. We have no objection to the judgment itself. But the motion, we object to that.The trial court overruled the objection, and published the Galveston County judgment and the attached motion to the jury. Appellant provided the trial court with no ground for his objection. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a) (providing that, as prerequisite to presenting complaint for appellate review, record must show complaint was made to trial court by timely request, objection, or motion stating grounds for the ruling sought from trial court with sufficient specificity to make trial court aware of complaint, unless specific grounds were apparent from context). On appeal, he sets forth arguments he successfully asserted in the trial court in relation to State's exhibit twenty-five, a certified copy of a California federal court judgment, unrelated to the conviction to which the Galveston County motion refers. Appellant did not explain to the trial court, and does not explain to this court, how those arguments are germane to the revocation motion about which he now complains. Appellant has thus presented nothing for review. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h) (providing appellant's brief must contain clear and concise argument for contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to record). Accordingly, we overrule appellant's fifth issue.