Opinion
Opinion filed February 1, 1932. Rehearing denied March 4, 1932.
1. WATERS AND WATER SUPPLY — when instruction not erroneous as ignoring plea of prescriptive right in action for flooding land. In an action brought against a railroad in 1929 for damages resulting from the flooding of plaintiff's lands, where the declaration was based upon changes made in defendant's embankment in 1924, and there was no charge of negligence in the original construction thereof, instructions for plaintiff were not erroneous as ignoring defendant's plea to the effect that its road-bed and embankment had been constructed more than 25 years prior to the commencement of the suit, and that the same had been continuously used and maintained by the defendant in the operation of its road.
2. DAMAGES — when jury not misled by instruction as to measure of damages for flooding of lands. In an action for damages resulting from the flooding of lands claimed to have been caused by the closing of some of the openings in defendant railroad's embankment through which the water had been previously carried, where it was proven without objection that the loss and damage to personal property, cleaning up, etc., was more than $800, and that the real estate was damaged to the extent of $1,500, and the verdict was for $800, it was clear that the jury was not misled by an instruction for plaintiff as to the measure of damages.
3. WATERS AND WATER SUPPLY — duty to provide against heavy rainfall. One changing or restraining the flow of water must provide against the consequences of unusually heavy rainfall and is liable for damages caused by a failure to make such provision.
4. WATERS AND WATER SUPPLY — when question whether rainfall unprecedented, is for the jury. In an action against a railroad for damages resulting from the flooding of plaintiff's lands after heavy rainfalls causing an overflow from a creek claimed by plaintiff to have been diverted onto his lands by changes in the defendant's embankment, the question whether the rainfall which caused the overflow was so heavy and unprecedented that the damage could be regarded as caused by an "act of God" so as to relieve the defendant from liability, was a question of fact for the jury.
5. WATERS AND WATER SUPPLY — when defense that rainfall causing overflow was act of God not available. If a defendant railroad, in an action to recover for damages resulting from the flooding of lands after a heavy rainfall causing an overflow from a creek claimed to have been diverted from its natural course onto plaintiff's lands, was guilty of negligence but for which the damage could not have occurred, it cannot escape liability on the ground that the rainfall was an "act of God"; but before it can invoke the rule it must be free from negligence which was a proximate cause of the damage.
6. WATERS AND WATER SUPPLY — when negligent obstruction of natural flow of waters shown. In an action against a railroad for damages resulting from the flooding of plaintiff's land from the overflow of a creek, evidence that defendant had changed a 36-foot trestle by means of which the overflow had previously been carried away, to a five-foot drain tile, sufficiently established defendant's negligence.
7. WATERS AND WATER SUPPLY — when question of cause of obstruction of natural flow of water for the jury. In an action against a railroad for the flooding of plaintiff's lands claimed to have been caused by obstruction of the natural course of the water by changes in the defendant's embankment, the question of whether the washing out of a public highway bridge across a nearby canal impeded the flow of the water through the canal so as to substantially increase the flow of water along the defendant's embankment upon and across plaintiff's premises, was for the jury.
8. HARMLESS AND PREJUDICIAL ERRORS — when giving of improper instruction harmless. Even though an instruction which does not conform to the issues nor to the evidence introduced is improper, it is harmless where the jury could not have been misled thereby.
Appeal by defendant from the Circuit Court of Union county; the Hon. A. L. SPILLER, Judge, presiding. Heard in this court at the February term, 1931. Affirmed. Opinion filed February 1, 1932. Rehearing denied March 4, 1932.
LANSDEN LANSDEN, L. R. STEWART and R. WALLACE KARRAKER, for appellant; CARL FOX, of counsel.
H. A. SPANN, for appellee.
Appellee owns and resides upon 13 acres of land immediately west of appellant's railroad at the Village of Mill Creek. His land and all other land just west of the railroad is lower than the railroad embankment. A little farther west the land is much higher. The low land between the railroad and the high land to the west is only 20 feet in width a short distance south of appellee's property and going north from that point it widens until it is 500 or 600 feet wide about a half mile north of appellee's property, thus forming a basin. Lingle Creek comes from the northwest and Heilig Creek from the north toward that basin and about a mile north of appellee's land and west of the railroad those two creeks join and form Mill Creek which flows to the southeast. The natural flow of the water is from the north and northwest to the southeast. The railroad crosses Mill Creek on a trestle and prior to 1925 appellant took care of the overflow from those creeks by means of a 36-foot trestle about one-half mile north of appellant's land.
In 1925, appellant filled that 36-foot trestle with earth and substituted a five-foot tile drain to carry the water. In 1928, appellant raised its tracks about 14 inches along the east side of the basin above described. Frequent rains in June, 1928, and in January, 1929, flooded the basin including appellee's premises by reason of the changes aforesaid which obstructed the natural flow of the water. Upon about five acres of appellee's land the water stood about three feet deep for several hours at a time. It came into his house and other buildings carrying mud and debris, filled his well and damaged and destroyed his personal property.
Appellee brought this suit in 1929. The gist of his declaration is that since 1924 appellant raised its embankment, closed some openings therein and shortened others through which the water had been previously carried away; that thereafter it negligently maintained its embankment in that condition without providing necessary openings to allow the water to follow its natural course and thereby caused the flooding of his premises, the damage of the same and the damage and destruction of his personal property during the years 1928 and 1929. Appellant filed the general issue and a special plea to the effect that its road-bed and embankment were constructed more than 25 years prior to the commencement of the suit and that the same has been continuously used and maintained by appellant in the operation of its road. To that plea appellee replied that the same was not used for that length of time in the present condition, etc. Appellant rejoined that the changes made did not increase the flow of the water upon appellee's premises. The trial resulted in a verdict and judgment for $800, a little less than the amount of appellee's loss and damage to personal property as testified to by him.
Complaint is made of rulings on instructions. It is said that appellee's fourth instruction is erroneous but no error is pointed out and no question is presented for our consideration. It is suggested that appellee's sixth, eighth and eleventh instructions ignored the defense set up in the special plea. The declaration was based upon changes made in the embankment since 1924 and there was no charge of negligence in the original construction thereof. The plea simply raised a false issue and it was properly ignored. Appellant clearly had no prescriptive right to maintain its embankment in the condition it was after the changes made subsequent to 1924. Appellant argues that the eighth and eleventh instructions also ignore the defense of extraordinary and unprecedented rainfall, or in other words the defense that appellee's damages were caused by "An act of God." Some of appellant's given instructions informed the jury that if they believed from the evidence that the damages were caused by unprecedented rainfalls there could be no recovery. The jury found in answer to a special interrogatory submitted by appellant that the rainfalls were not unprecedented.
Appellant says that the court erred in giving appellee's seventh instruction as to the measure of damages. It was proven, without objection, that the loss and damage to personal property, cleaning up, etc., was more than $800, and that the real estate was damaged to the extent of $1,500. The verdict was for $800, so that it is clear that the jury was not misled by that instruction.
Appellant insists that the evidence does not support the special finding of the jury to the effect that the rainfalls were not unprecedented. A party changing or restraining the flow of water must provide against the consequences of unusually heavy rainfall, and is liable for damages caused by a failure to make such provision. Whether the rainfalls which caused the overflow were so heavy and unprecedented that the damage may be regarded as caused by "An act of God," so as to relieve a defendant from liability, is a question of fact for the jury. Chicago P. St. L. Ry. Co. v. Reuter, 223 Ill. 387. And if the defendant was guilty of negligence but for which the damage would not have occurred, he cannot escape liability on the ground that the rainfall was "An act of God." Before he can invoke the rule, he must be free from negligence which was a proximate cause of the damage. Wald v. Pittsburg, C., C. St. L. R. Co., 162 Ill. 545; Taylor v. Chesapeake Ohio Ry. Co., 84 W. Va. 442, 7 A.L.R. 112. In view of the fact that appellant changed the opening in its embankment from a 36-foot trestle to a five-foot drain tile, we cannot say that there was no evidence of negligence.
At appellant's request the jury was asked, if, in January, 1929, the washing out of a public highway bridge across the canal impeded the flow of water through the canal so as to substantially increase the flow of water along the west side of appellant's embankment upon and across appellee's premises, and the answer was in the negative. The jury was fully instructed that if the flow of water was so increased over appellee's property, appellant was not responsible for such increase and that no damages should be allowed therefor. That was a question for the jury and we cannot say that their conclusion should be set aside.
Appellant contends that the court erred in modifying its last instruction. The first part of the instruction was: "The Court instructs you that if you believe from the evidence that the defendant maintained its road-bed and railroad embankment at the location in question as a permanent structure for more than 20 years prior to 1925"; at that point the court inserted — "and that the same was constructed without negligence" and the instruction proceeds — "you cannot allow the plaintiff any damages in this case unless you further believe from the evidence that the changes made in said embankment and the openings therein during and after the year 1925 increased the flow of water over the plaintiff's property and premises in times when the rainfalls which occurred were of such character as could have been reasonably anticipated and which were not unprecedented in their nature and extent." It is claimed that the words inserted by the court authorized the jury to determine whether the embankment was originally constructed in a negligent manner and that if it was they could allow damages therefor.
The instruction as asked should have been refused. There was no claim in the declaration that there was any negligence in the original construction. Appellant clearly had no prescriptive right to maintain its embankment in the condition it was after the changes made in 1925 and thereafter. There was no evidence that tended in the slightest degree to prove negligence in the original construction. All of the evidence was directed to the changes made after 1924 and to the damages that subsequently accrued. We are satisfied that the jury could not have been misled by the modification of the instruction. Appellant says the court erred in refusing five of its instructions, but the alleged error is not pointed out. Some of them were clearly erroneous and the others were covered by the given instructions. No reversible error has been brought to our attention and the judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.