Opinion
No. ED75323.
OPINION FILED: January 25, 2000. March 7, 2000.
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS, HONORABLE ROBERT H. DIERKER, JUDGE.
The trial court granted summary judgment on all three counts of the plaintiff's petition and entered final judgment for both defendants. On this appeal we accept as true the facts appropriately established by the plaintiff in the manner prescribed by Rule 74.04 and afford the plaintiff all reasonable inferences from the facts adduced, disregarding defendants' contrary proffers except to the extent they are uncontradicted and unequivocal. ITT Commercial Finance Corp. v. Mid-America Marine Supply Corp., 854 S.W.2d 371, 382 (Mo.banc 1993). We state the facts from the plaintiff's point of view, without any intimation that court or jury has to find any of these facts.
The plaintiff Midwest, a Missouri corporation, operates a chain of service station convenience stores in Southeast Missouri. The defendant Orion, a South Dakota corporation, has developed recipes and equipment for several fast food systems for which it issues franchises to local outlets. Defendant Ted Ries at material times was the district sales manager for Orion in the area in which Midwest has facilities.
In early 1996 Midwest undertook the construction of a substantial building in Fruitland, Missouri, designed for the operation of a service station and convenience store and estimated to cost $800,000. Its president and sole stockholder, Laura Younghouse, inquired into the possibility of a franchise for some of Orion's product lines. On March 27, 1996, Ries visited Younghouse and delivered to her an offering circular required by the Federal Trade Commission accompanied by a specimen franchise agreement in which the blank spaces were not filled in. The circular contained a caution about taking any further action until Midwest had been notified in writing that its application had been approved. Younghouse receipted for these documents and read them.
Ries advised Younghouse he had to check with other Orion franchisees in the area to determine whether they had any contractual protection from nearby competition. He checked particularly with Rhodes Oil, which had Orion franchises at several nearby locations. On April 13, 1996 Ries again visited with Younghouse, advising her that Rhodes and other franchisees interposed no obstacle and that "we can go forward with the franchise." Younghouse had already filled out and delivered a franchise application on behalf of Midwest for the new location. Midwest's building contractor was present at this conference and discussed the proposed construction with Ries and Younghouse.
During the next several months Orion provided drawings and specifications setting forth its requirements for the area in which its franchised products would be prepared and dispensed. Ries was in touch with both the general contractor and the electrician. He pointed out the need to enlarge the convenience store area to 800 square feet to meet Orion's special requirements. This was a larger area than Younghouse had originally planned. The final store layout and design was provided by Orion to Midwest on July 2, 1996.
Ries reported his contacts with Midwest to his immediate supervisor, Keith Watts, who told him to "go ahead" at the Midwest location. Orion prepared orders for the equipment necessary to prepare and serve the franchised products.
Under date of September 4, 1996 Midwest received from Orion an unsigned franchise agreement specifying an opening date of November 8, 1996. On September 13, Ries called to advise Younghouse he would call on September 18, 1996 to "pick up the franchise agreement." He did not appear on that date and did not respond to Younghouse's persistent attempts to get in touch with him. There is evidence that his superiors instructed him to "make himself scarce" while they reevaluated the franchise situation.
Younghouse testified that Ries said he would appear to sign the franchise agreement. For present purposes we disregard this statement because of questions about Ries's authority to sign not resolved by the cold record.
On September 30, 1996 Younghouse executed the franchise agreement on behalf of Midwest and mailed it to Orion. In the meantime a representative of Rhodes, Midwest's potential competitor, had called Orion to report that he had seen a notice of Midwest's opening date of November 8 for the new facility and was not pleased at the thought of competition. Orion's executives decided not to issue the franchise to Midwest, and one Schendel, an analyst, was instructed to write a letter to Midwest conveying this decision. For some reason the letter was not mailed until October 11, 1996. On October 1, however, Watts called Younghouse to advise her Orion was "withdrawing the franchise offer."
The record does not show whether Watts had received the franchise agreement signed by Younghouse and returned by mail to Orion when he made this call, but, for want of Orion's signature, the time of receipt is not legally significant.
The foregoing is an abbreviated summary of the bare facts that might be found. The record provided on summary judgment is voluminous, and other facts will be stated in the discussion of each of the several counts.
Midwest's petition declares in three counts as follows: (I) Breach of contract by Orion in failing to grant a franchise to Midwest; (II) Promissory estoppel against Orion in accordance with the provisions of Section 90 of the Restatement (2d) of Contracts; and (III) Fraud and deceit against Ries for willfully misstating the extent of his authority. We affirm the judgment on Count I, but find error in the entry of summary judgment on Counts II and III, and so remand this portion of the case for further proceedings.
Count I — Breach of Contract
Count I declares on the five-year franchise agreement submitted to Midwest on September 4, 1996 as a contract between Midwest and Orion. The contract, however, is not signed by Orion. It cannot be performed within one year of its stated effective date of November 8, 1996. This contract is clearly unenforceable under section 432.010 RSMo 1994, known as the "Statute of Frauds," and nothing short of Orion's signature can make it into an enforceable contract. See Mayer v. King Cola Mid-America, Inc., 660 S.W.2d 746, 749 (Mo.App. 1983) and cases cited therein.
According to the writer's Contracts professor, the late Grover C. Grismore, the Statute of Frauds has furthered many more frauds than it has prevented.
Our cases clearly hold that a contract otherwise unenforceable because of the Statute of Frauds cannot be made into a fully enforceable contract through any doctrine of promissory estoppel.Mayer, 660 S.W.2d at 749; Geisinger v. A B Farms, Inc., 820 S.W.2d 96, 98-100 (Mo.App. 1991) (recognizing that there might be some room for remedies based on promissory estoppel as discussed in the portion of this opinion dealing with Count II). Full enforcement of the contract would defeat the purpose of the Statute of Frauds.
Because the Statute of Frauds suffices to dispose of Count I, there is no need to consider the extensive discussion about which officers and agents of Orion had authority to sign franchise agreements. Wherever the authority lay, the agreement was never signed by Orion.
The parties clearly contemplated a written contract, and so neither was bound by the proposed franchise agreement until an authorized representative of each had affixed a signature.
There was no error in granting summary judgment on Count I.
Count II — Promissory Estoppel
Count II seeks to state a claim under Section 90, Restatement (2d) of Contracts which reads in pertinent part as follows:
Section 90. Promise Reasonably Inducing Action or Forbearance
(1) A promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and which does induce such action or forbearance is binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise. The remedy granted for breach may be limited as justice requires.
. . .
Promissory estoppel has been part of the law of Missouri for many years, and our courts have cited Section 90 of both the First and Second Restatements of Contracts. See In re Jamison's Estate, 202 S.W.2d 879, 886 (Mo. 1947). The doctrine is closely related to equitable estoppel, and there are statements in the cases that it is an equitable remedy. Resnik v. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Missouri, 912 S.W.2d 567, 572-73 (Mo.App. 1995); Zipper v. Health Midwest, 978 S.W.2d 398, 411 (Mo.App. 1998). We have found no case, however, which rules the issue of availability of trial by jury in an action at law. There is language suggesting the doctrine should only be applied "in extreme cases to avoid unjust results." Mayer, 660 S.W.2d at 749. This is a standard somewhat difficult of application, and may influence the decision as to whether trial by jury is available. Inasmuch as the issue of trial by jury has not been briefed to us, we forego ruling the point pending further proceedings. We do observe that the question of whether the remedy is necessary seems inappropriate for decision on summary judgment, if the elements of promissory estoppel are arguably present.
Numerous cases, involving widely different fact situations, have considered the requirements for recovery under Section 90. In some the opinions seem overexpansive, seeking to lay down rules which are broader than required for the resolution of the immediate problem. We seek to apply the governing principle of the Restatement. We take note of several recent cases which have allowed recovery based on Section 90. See Delmo, Inc. v. Maxima Elec. Sales, Inc., 878 S.W.2d 499 (Mo.App. 1994);Response Oncology v. Blue Cross Blue Shield, 941 S.W.2d 771 (Mo.App. 1997). See also Mahoney v. Delaware McDonald's Corp., 770 F.2d 123 (8th Cir. 1985); Bower v. A.T.T Technologies, Inc., 852 F.2d 361 (8th Cir. 1988) (both applying Missouri law).
We have found no case discussing the method of jury instruction in Section 90 cases, and there are no MAI patterns. Nor do we find discussion of the appropriate form for findings of fact. There is some variation in the manner of stating essential elements, but, as Judge Shrum observed in Delmo, all pertinent opinions list the elements as: (1) A promise; (2) foreseeability of reliance; (3) reliance; and (4) injustice absent enforcement. 878 S.W.2d at 504. For a more elaborate statement of essential elements, see Resnik, 912 S.W.2d at 572-3.
The sense of the cases, and especially the recent cases, is that a plaintiff who can point to evidence which, if believed, would permit a judge or jury to find each of these elements, is entitled to go to trial without prior judicial determination as to whether the case is "extreme." All cases agree the essence of the plaintiff's case is justifiable reliance causing damage. Under Section 90 recoveries have been permitted which might not have been allowed under traditional contract doctrine. We proceed therefore to determine whether Midwest has demonstrated that there is a genuine issue of fact as to each one of the essential elements as defined in the cases. If there is, then the motion for summary judgment on Count II was improvidently granted. If there is no genuine issue as to the existence of any one of these elements, then summary judgment is appropriate. We conclude that Midwest's proffer is sufficient to establish fact questions as to all four essential elements.
Prenger v. Baumhoer, 939 S.W.2d 23, 27 (Mo.App. 1997), discerns a "Missouri rule" in Section 90 cases to the effect that a promise must be contractually enforceable in order to meet the requirements of Section 90. That case involved a situation in which the parties each contemplated further bargaining, and is for that reason distinguishable from the cases cited in subsection (1) of this Section, in which the only problem relates to the Statute of Frauds.
We consider initially the scope of the authority of Ted Ries. Orion has argued strenuously that Ries had no authority to bind Orion to any kind of an agreement, and that any action predicated on a promise by him must fail. Almost all of the argument, however, has been directed to the question of his authority to sign franchise agreements. From the statements in the record a jury could find that Ries had the duty of promoting new franchises for his employer's product and of working with prospective franchisees to do what was necessary in order to ready new franchises for opening.
In this connection Ries paid several visits to the Fruitland premises. He checked with other Orion-franchised locations in the vicinity and reported to Younghouse there was no conflict. He met with the general contractor and with the electrical contractor. Orion provided plans and drawings for the area in which the franchised products were proposed to be prepared, containing its requirements, and Ries discussed these with Younghouse. Orion's specifications required modification of the initial plans, and Midwest modified its plans accordingly, at some expense. Ries assisted Midwest in planning for an opening date of November 8, 1996.
Ries was the only representative of Orion who visited face-to-face with Younghouse. He made regular reports to his superiors in the company and consulted with specialists within the company on matters such as design and construction. The trier of fact could find that the management of Orion was well-informed about Ries's activities and that he had authority to do exactly what he did. It could also be found that, up to a point, Orion wanted an active franchise in Fruitland and wanted Ries to take the steps he did to make sure the franchise would be ready to operate by the November 8 date. We now consider whether the transactions between Ries, on behalf of Orion, are sufficient to provide a basis for the relief Midwest seeks.
(1) Promise
The record shows several promissory statements made by Ries. On April 13, 1996, Ries called on Younghouse and told her he had received clearance from other franchisees and that "[we can] go forward with the franchise." He repeated his assurances that all was in order, providing floor plans, lists of required equipment, and, on July 2, 1996, a definitive layout. On September 4, 1996 Orion mailed to Younghouse a franchise agreement providing for an opening date of November 8, 1996. This document was not signed by anyone purporting to act on behalf of Orion, but Ries advised Younghouse he would appear on September 18 to pick up the franchise agreement. Younghouse understood that Ries proposed to sign on behalf of Orion. From the facts just stated the trier of fact could find Ries promised Midwest that a franchise conforming to the specimen provided to Midwest in March would be issued as soon as Midwest was ready to operate, and that Midwest could make preparations based on those assurances.
We have held the Statute of Frauds precludes recovery of damages for failure to grant Midwest a five-year franchise. This holding does not necessarily preclude an action on the theory of promissory estoppel. The last sentence of Section 90(1) provides "The remedy granted for breach may be limited as justice requires." Damages are measured by the reliance and should be limited to those naturally flowing from the reliance. Mahoney v. Delaware McDonald's Corp., 770 F.2d 123 (8th Cir. 1985). Thus, there are cases holding that partial relief may be accorded in cases in which the Statute of Frauds stands as a barrier to complete enforcement. See Geisinger v. A B Farms, Inc., 820 S.W.2d 96, 98-9 (Mo.App. 1991) (citing Feinberg v. Pfeiffer Co., 322 S.W.2d 163, 168 (Mo.App. 1959) and Katz v. Danny Dare, Inc., 610 S.W.2d 121, 126 (Mo.App. 1980)); see also Chesus v. Watts, 967 S.W.2d 97, 110 (Mo.App. 1998). Mahoney points out the difference between the full contractual enforcement of a promise which cannot be performed within one year, and provision of a remedy for inducing reliance on a promise, limited by the extent of the reliance. See Section 90, Restatement (2d) of Contracts, Illustration 8. The promises shown by the proffers are sufficient to establish the first element of promissory estoppel.
(2) Foreseeable Reliance
The trier of fact could certainly find that, between April 13 and September 4, Orion and Midwest wanted to do business with each other. Ries was Orion's authorized liaison with Midwest in order to further preparation for undertaking the franchise. He had every reason to believe Midwest would hasten to comply with his directions, for fear that the tender of the franchise would be withdrawn. To the extent that his requests, on behalf of Orion, required expenditure or forbearance, he could confidently expect these would be forthcoming. Whatever authority Ries had with regard to executing franchise documents, he could surely forestall the granting of a franchise by expressing his disapproval.
(3) Reliance in Fact
The record shows, at the very least, that Midwest relied on Ries's promises by making changes in its plans for the fast food area and by forbearing attempts to interest other possible franchisors in its new facility. These, in and of themselves, are sufficient to demonstrate reliance and, when the reliance proved to be unjustified, damages. There may be other provable damages. There is no briefing of the issue, and argument did not focus on the quantitative scope of recovery. This trier of fact may be totally unimpressed with Midwest's evidence of damages, but enough has been shown to raise a factual issue.
Orion asserts emphatically that Midwest had no right to rely on anything Ries said as being binding on Orion. It is not necessary to show, however, that Ries had authority to determine that a franchise should be granted. As has been said earlier, it could be found that he had the authority to transmit Orion's instructions and requirements so as to assist Midwest in putting itself in a position to commence operations under an Orion franchise. He could also confirm Orion's continued interest in Midwest as a franchisee and advise Midwest as to further necessary steps.
Orion also points to the cautionary language in the offering circular required by the Federal Trade Commission and in the specimen franchise agreement delivered with the circular on the occasion of Ries's first visit. These documents confirm the franchise agreement as the sole agreement between the parties, strongly suggest that Midwest avail itself of legal counsel in examining the documents, and expressly warn Midwest that it should not take any other action in anticipation of receiving the franchise unless and until it should have an executed franchise agreement in hand. The promises on which Midwest relies to invoke Section 90, however, came after these documents were delivered, at a time when Orion was encouraging Midwest to make active preparation to undertake the franchise. Under Section 90 Orion is not necessarily free to encourage reliance by promises made in the expectation of reliance, simply by reason of a prior written warning that its promises mean nothing until both parties have signed a franchise agreement. The situation is analogous to one in which a contract provides it may be modified only by an instrument in writing, but the parties later agree to an oral modification. Fritts v. Cloud Oak Flooring Co., 478 S.W.2d 8 (Mo.App. 1972). The examples to Section 90 show, moreover, that the plaintiff is not necessarily required to exercise perfect diligence.
Orion also argues that Younghouse, shown to be experienced in business, did not act reasonably in relying on oral promises. Whether her reliance was reasonable or not is a question of fact.
(4) Injustice Absent Enforcement
This element is not cast with precision. Numerous writings on Section 90 make it clear it is designed to protect the reliance interest. Damages are measured by the degree of reliance. When the other elements of a Section 90 claim are present, the "injustice" element is not appropriate for determination in a summary judgment proceeding. The parties will have to work with the trial court in determining the appropriate manner of submission.
We again caution that our somewhat detailed expostulation of the fact governing Count II represents only our conception of the permissible findings the trier of fact might make. We do not suggest in any respect that the fact-finder should make any particular finding, or that any particular conclusion is preferable. The record is voluminous, and we simply say we perceive genuine issues of material fact on each of the essential elements of an action under Section 90 sufficient to withstand a motion for summary judgment.
Count III — Fraud and Deceit against Ries
Count III seeks actual and punitive damages on account of Ries's alleged misrepresentation of his authority to act for Orion regarding the grant of a franchise to Midwest. Since Count II is predicated on Ries's authority to do as he did, Count III is necessarily alternative to Count II. Our rules, however, permit alternative pleadings. Rule 55.10.
An action for fraud and deceit has numerous elements, repeated in the caselaw so often we need not state them further. See Clark v. Olson, 726 S.W.2d 718, 719 (Mo.banc 1987). There is also a tort of "negligent misrepresentation" with fewer and different elements. Jim Lynch Cadillac, Inc. v. Nissan Motor Acceptance Corp., 896 S.W.2d 704, 707 (Mo.App. 1995). A pleading based on fraud and deceit would ordinarily permit a submission on negligent misrepresentation. See id.
Inasmuch as Orion has spoken so strongly on the subject of Ries's lack of authority, we do not believe we should deprive Midwest of the opportunity for an alternate submission, if Orion's position as to Ries's lack of authority prevails at the trial. All parties should understand that, if Midwest should recover on Count II, it would not be proper to enter an additional judgment on Count III.
The judgment for Orion on Count I is affirmed. The judgments on Counts II and III are reversed, and the case is remanded for appropriate proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Mary Rhodes Russell, C.J., concurs
Lawrence G. Crahan, J., concurs in part and dissents in part in separate opinion.