Opinion
Docket No. 74180.
Decided December 4, 1984. Leave to appeal applied for.
Barton W. Morris, for plaintiffs.
Conklin, Benham, McLeod, Ducey Ottaway, P.C. (by Ronald A. Weglarz), for the intervening plaintiff.
Fletcher, Cardelli Tice, P.C. (by Thomas G. Cardelli and Michael K. McNally), for defendant on appeal.
Defendant, Otis Elevator Company, appeals from a jury verdict rendered in favor of plaintiffs, under which plaintiffs were awarded a net sum of $225,000. The jury found defendant, Otis Elevator Company, negligent and awarded damages in the sum of $275,000 to plaintiff Jane McMiddleton, and $5,000 for each of her five children. The jury further found that Jane McMiddleton was 25% negligent, thus reducing the total award to the net sum of $225,000.
On appeal, defendant raises three issues. First, defendant claims that the trial judge abused his discretion in refusing to admit into evidence certain photographic evidence obtained by defendant. During trial, the extent of plaintiff's injuries was in dispute. Plaintiff claimed that she needed a cane to walk and used it all the time. During trial, defendant hired a private detective to take surveillance movies of plaintiff, showing her walking without a cane. The movies were shown on a separate record, after which the trial judge found that the movies were not admissible for impeachment because they involved a collateral matter, and also that defendant had not established a proper foundation for their admission. He made a similar ruling regarding photographs of the plaintiff walking without a cane. After viewing the movie, the trial judge stated that it did appear that on one occasion the plaintiff was walking normally without limping.
The trial court's ruling that the photographic evidence was inadmissible had three possible bases: (1) its probative value was outweighed by its prejudicial effect; (2) it was inadmissible for impeachment because the defense had failed to lay a proper foundation; and (3) it was inadmissible for impeachment because it concerned a collateral matter.
A threshold question regarding this issue is whether the evidence was properly admissible as part of defendant's case in chief. To be thus admissible, evidence must be relevant under MRE 401. Evidence is relevant if it has a legitimate tendency to establish or disprove a material fact. To be admissible, photographs must be accurate, have probative value and must be helpful in throwing light upon some material point in issue. Photographs may be admitted to show the extent of injuries and the amount of suffering of a party. In the within case, the evidence was offered to show that plaintiff's disability was not as extensive as she claimed. Thus, the movies and photographs were clearly relevant on the issue of damages.
Grubaugh v City of St Johns, 82 Mich. App. 282; 266 N.W.2d 791 (1978), lv den 404 Mich. 804 (1978).
Anderson v Lippes, 18 Mich. App. 281, 288; 170 N.W.2d 908 (1969).
See 3 Wigmore, Evidence (Chadbourn Rev), § 798a, p 260.
In 12 Blashfield, Automobile Law Practice (3d ed), § 435.5, p 35, the text states:
"Films which show that a plaintiff is capable of physical activity may be displayed where the plaintiff has produced proof of disability."
In McCormick, Evidence (3d ed), § 214, p 674, the author states:
"Judicial discretion in the admission or exclusion of motion pictures is constantly emphasized in the decisions, and is perhaps largely attributable to the fact that the presentation of this kind of evidence will involve considerable expenditure of time and inconvenience. At the same time, however, when motion pictures are offered which reproduce the actual facts or original events in controversy, such as films of an allegedly incapacitated plaintiff shoveling snow or playing baseball, * * * the cogency of the evidence is such that the taking of considerable time and trouble to view the evidence would appear amply warranted." (Footnotes omitted.)
In Rogers v Detroit, plaintiff sued to recover damages for injuries received when alighting from a streetcar. Her condition was such that counsel agreed that it would be dangerous to bring her to the courtroom. Instead, the trial judge permitted the jury to view motion pictures taken of plaintiff in her home, which showed her condition, a rapid pulsation of the throat. After investigating the circumstances under which the movies were made and viewing them apart from the jury, the judge admitted the movies into evidence. On appeal, the Supreme Court found no error, stating:
289 Mich. 86; 286 N.W. 167 (1939).
"No claim is made that they were not an accurate portrayal of Mrs. Rogers' condition, or that the proper foundation was not laid for their introduction. See `Motion Pictures in Evidence,' 27 Ill L Rev 424. Certain circumstances under which motion pictures might convey an erroneous impression to a jury are pointed out in 2 Wigmore Evidence (2d ed), p 107. The reception of such evidence should be left largely to the judgment and discretion of the trial judge. Heiman v Railway Co, 21 Cal.App.2d 311; 69 P. 2d 178 (1937); State, for the use of Chima v United Railways Electric Co, 162 Md. 404; 159 A 916; 83 ALR 1307 (1932), and Denison v Railway Co, 135 Neb. 307; 280 N.W. 905 (1938)."
Id., p 90; see also, Green v General Motors Corp, 104 Mich. App. 447, 451-452; 304 N.W.2d 600 (1981).
In other jurisdictions, various cases support the admissibility of surveillance movies in personal injury actions. Relevant evidence may, nevertheless, be excluded if its prejudicial impact outweighs its probative value. In part, the trial court's ruling was on this ground.
Mathias v Baltimore O R Co, 93 Ill. App.2d 258; 236 N.E.2d 331 (1968); Hayward v Ginn, 306 P.2d 320 (Okla, 1957); Barham v Nowell, 243 Miss. 441; 138 So.2d 493 (1962). See also 29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence, § 801, pp 883-886; 62 ALR2d 686, § 6, pp 698-701.
In the within case, plaintiff stated that she walks with a limp and uses a cane. Defendant countered by offering proof that her movement is less impaired than she claims. The offering of counter proof is not presenting evidence unfairly prejudicial to the plaintiff. Rather, unfair prejudice relates to collateral matters. In the instant case, the trial judge appeared to base his finding of prejudice on the fact that the movie tended to contradict plaintiff's sworn testimony. This was error. Defendant was entitled to offer evidence regarding plaintiff's claimed injuries. The trial judge also stated that the movie "does only go at best to impeachment". His primary bases for denying admission, improper foundation and collateral issue, were based on this assessment. It is in this judgment that we find error.
In holding that the photographic evidence could only be offered for purposes of impeachment, the trial court may have confused two concepts: contradiction and impeachment. Contradictory evidence is simply evidence which is contrary to a witness' testimony. Impeachment evidence is a direct attack on a witness' credibility. Although there is considerable overlap, contradictory evidence is not subject to the same restrictions as impeachment evidence. The photographic evidence in this case was offered primarily for purposes of contradiction, was relevant to the central issue of plaintiffs' damages and was not unfairly prejudicial. Therefore, we believe that it was admissible as part of defendant's case in chief, and that the trial judge's ruling that it was inadmissible in evidence constituted reversible error.
Ferguson v Gonyaw, 64 Mich. App. 685, 692; 236 N.W.2d 543 (1975), lv den 396 Mich. 817 (1976); Osborn v League Life Ins Co, 20 Mich. App. 19, 21; 173 N.W.2d 724 (1969).
Jarecki v Ford Motor Co, 65 Mich. App. 78; 237 N.W.2d 191 (1975).
Even assuming that the photographs and movie were admissible only for impeachment, we would doubt the correctness of the trial judge's ruling. He found that a proper foundation had not been made for the film's admission, in that plaintiff had not been asked whether, at certain specific times and locations, she used her cane. He relied on MRE 613, which applies to prior statements of witnesses. Since the photographic evidence in this case was not a prior statement and not intended to stand as a statement, we do not believe that the trial court's use of MRE 613 was appropriate.
The trial judge also found that the issue (as he stated it) of whether plaintiff always used a cane was a collateral matter and, thus, could not be disputed by way of impeachment. He relied upon Cook v Rontal, in which a plaintiff in a malpractice action sought to introduce the testimony of another patient of the defendant-doctor. The issue was whether the doctor had given the plaintiff the proper warnings, and the former patient would have testified that the doctor did not properly warn her. The Cook Court upheld the trial court's ruling that the other patient's testimony related to a collateral matter and was inadmissible. Facts which would have been independently provable regardless of the contradiction are not collateral. The fact of whether plaintiff is able to walk without a cane is directly probative on the issue of the extent of plaintiff's disability and is not a collateral matter. Therefore, the trial judge's ruling that the evidence was inadmissible for impeachment was in error.
109 Mich. App. 220; 311 N.W.2d 333 (1981), lv den 415 Mich. 854 (1982).
McCormick, Evidence (3d ed), § 47, p 110; Shannon v Jamestown Twp, 251 Mich. 597, 600; 232 N.W. 371 (1930).
The trial court appeared to be concerned about the fact that the surveillance revealed plaintiff without her cane on only one occasion, out of six trips in and out of her car. There was, however, no indication that the defense intended to show only that portion of the film that showed plaintiff without her cane. That the film may, in fact, not be strong evidence for the defense is immaterial on the question of its admissibility. This was a jury trial. The extent of plaintiff's injuries and her impaired condition were questions of fact for the jury. In light of the foregoing, we believe that the trial judge clearly erred and abused his discretion in his rulings on the photographic evidence.
Clingerman v Bruce, 11 Mich. App. 3, 10; 160 N.W.2d 614 (1968); Woiknoris v Woirol, 70 Mich. App. 237, 240; 245 N.W.2d 579 (1976).
In so doing, we do not intend to unduly limit the exercise by the trial judge of his discretion in weighing the admission of photographic evidence. As stated in Rogers, supra, the Supreme Court emphasized that the reception of this type of evidence should be left largely to the discretion of the trial court. However, in the instant case, for the reasons discussed above, we find reversible error.
Second, defendant claims that the trial judge committed reversible error in his instructions to the jury. The trial court gave, inter alia, the following instruction:
"One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third person or his things, is subject to liability to the third person for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to protect his undertaking, if
"(a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such harm, or
"(b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to the third person, or
"(c) the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other or the third person upon the undertaking."
This instruction is a recitation of 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 324A, p 142.
In Javis v Ypsilanti School Dist, the Supreme Court held that GCR 1963, 516.6(2) requires that the Standard Jury Instructions be used whenever they are applicable, accurate and requested by a party. In Javis, the trial judge substituted his own instruction for the applicable SJI. Javis did not deal with a case such as the one at bar in which the court gave an additional instruction. That subject is dealt with by GCR 1963, 516.6(4):
393 Mich. 689; 227 N.W.2d 543 (1975).
"(4) This subrule does not limit the power of the court to give additional instructions on applicable law not covered by SJI. Additional instructions when given shall be modeled as nearly as practicable after the style of SJI, making them concise, understandable, conversational, unslanted and non-argumentative."
A trial court's failure to give a requested instruction that correctly states the applicable law is error. The instruction given in the within case is a correct statement of Michigan law, as that provision of the Restatement has been used in numerous Michigan opinions. Defendant argues that the instruction is not applicable to this case. We disagree. The Restatement makes it clear that § 324A deals with an actor's liability to third persons:
Kovacs v Chesapeake O R Co, 134 Mich. App. 514; 351 N.W.2d 581 (1984).
See, e.g. Smith v Allendale Mutual Ins Co, 410 Mich. 685, 711-712, n 19; 303 N.W.2d 702 (1981).
"b. This Section applies to any undertaking to render services to another, where the actor's negligent conduct in manner of performance of his undertaking, or his failure to exercise reasonable care to complete it, or to protect the third person when he discontinues it, results in physical harm to the third person or his things. It applies both to undertakings for consideration, and to those which are gratuitous." Restatement Torts, supra, comment b, p 143.
Therefore, we conclude that the instruction given here was clearly applicable to this case, where defendant, Otis Elevator Company, undertook to provide elevator maintenance service to intervenor-employer, Great Lakes Steel Corporation, and plaintiff was a third party. Defendant's lengthy argument that the elevator maintenance man was not bound to repair the elevator's electric light simply because he had done so gratuitously in the past, whether true or not, was not relevant to this jury-instruction issue.
Third, defendant claims that the trial judge abused his discretion when he held evidence of plaintiff's receipt of workers' compensation benefits inadmissible. The collateral source rule provides that compensation to an injured person from a source other than another tortfeasor does not operate to lessen damages recoverable from the wrongdoer. Evidence of the receipt of benefits from workers' compensation, offered in mitigation of damages, has been held inadmissible, whether offered by a plaintiff or a defendant.
Hill v Harbor Steel Supply Corp, 374 Mich. 194, 214; 132 N.W.2d 54 (1965).
Lynch v Sign of the Beefeater, Inc, 407 Mich. 866; 283 N.W.2d 632 (1979).
Offered for other purposes, however, evidence of the receipt of benefits from workers' compensation is not automatically inadmissible. In Vanden Berg v Grand Rapids Gravel Co, this Court upheld the trial court's refusal to allow evidence of the payment of benefits when offered to show bias on the part of employees of the plaintiff's former employer. The Court did not base its holding on the collateral source rule, but rather, held that the prejudicial effect of the proffered evidence outweighed its probative value.
42 Mich. App. 722, 735-736; 202 N.W.2d 694 (1972), lv den 389 Mich. 768 (1973).
In the present case, defendant requested the admission of evidence of plaintiff's receipt of workers' compensation benefits for the purpose of showing that plaintiff had little incentive to return to work. In a proper case, such evidence is admissible for this purpose. Blacha v Gagnon discussed extensively the admissibility of evidence of workers' compensation benefits for this purpose, the Court stating:
47 Mich. App. 168, 177-178; 209 N.W.2d 292 (1973).
"This Court does not propose to contravene the collateral source rule in Michigan. Recovery from a third party who is responsible for injuries suffered is not diminished by receipt of wages or salary from the employer for the period of his disability. Evidence introduced in mitigation of damages continues to be inadmissible. However, there are circumstances where evidence may be introduced to show a motive for failure to resume regular employment within a reasonable period of time. Sufficient facts must be adduced which raise serious doubts in the minds of the jurors as to the extent of the injury actually suffered. This foundation established, the proposed evidence must refute the fact that plaintiff actually lost the wages or salary claimed. Taken together, should the trial judge in the exercise of his discretion determine that the evidence affects the weight of testimony introduced to show that plaintiff was disabled from working due to the injury, it will be deemed admissible. Further, the trial judge must instruct the jury as to each of the theories of recovery advanced by the opposing parties, clearly advising that if plaintiff's contention is believed, wages or salary from an employer may not serve to mitigate damages."
Thus, under Blacha, where evidence of the receipt of workers' compensation benefits is offered to show lack of incentive to return to work, a rather extensive foundation consisting of other evidence of malingering on the plaintiff's part is required.
Gallaway v Chrysler Corp was an employment discrimination case in which the defense offered evidence of plaintiff's receipt of social security and workers' compensation benefits to bolster its argument bearing on the reason for the plaintiff's retirement. This Court upheld the trial court's finding of admissibility, stating:
105 Mich. App. 1; 306 N.W.2d 368 (1981), lv den 413 Mich. 853 (1982).
"We do not agree with plaintiff's argument that the judge abused his discretion in this matter, nor can we say that the introduction of plaintiff's social security and workers' compensation files violated the collateral-source doctrine. Where the introduction of evidence concerning collateral benefits has bearing on some purpose other than the question of mitigating damages, it is admissible. Blacha v Gagnon, 47 Mich. App. 168; 209 N.W.2d 292 (1973); Jackson v Sabuco, 21 Mich. App. 430; 175 N.W.2d 532 (1970), lv den 383 Mich. 784 (1970)."
Id., p 7.
The Gallaway Court did not refer to Blacha's requirement of a foundation. The Blacha opinion was a much more extensive and reasoned treatment of the issue than Gallaway. For this reason, we believe that, in spite of Gallaway's rather broad statement of admissibility, the requirement of a foundation emphasized in Blacha remains. The plaintiff in Blacha participated in bowling and softball and worked every day for a week following his accident. In addition, one doctor testified that there were no objective symptoms of the injury alleged. The Court held that this background was sufficient to raise serious doubts in the jurors' minds and was, therefore, a proper foundation for the admissibility of evidence of the receipt of workers' compensation benefits.
In the within case, there was conflicting evidence as to the extent of plaintiff's injuries. The trial judge considered the conflicting evidence and, under Blacha, held that defendant had not made a sufficient showing to raise the issue of lack of incentive and, therefore, ruled that the information concerning workers' compensation benefits was inadmissible.
All cases dealing with this issue emphasize that rulings on admissibility lie within the discretion of the trial judge. It might be noted that in Blacha, Gallaway and Carreras v Honeggers Co, Inc, the rulings of the trial courts on this issue were upheld. Here, we believe that the trial judge's ruling was a proper exercise of discretion.
68 Mich. App. 716, 724; 244 N.W.2d 10 (1976).
In conclusion, while, as stated, we find no error with regard to the second and third issues raised by defendant, we hold that the trial court erred in ruling defendant's photographic evidence inadmissible. We, therefore, reverse that finding and remand for a new trial on the issue of damages.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded.