Opinion
(December Term, 1851.)
1. In an action on the case for the seduction of the plaintiff's daughter, it is competent for him to give in evidence, on the question of damages, the character of his own family, and also the pecuniary circumstances of the defendant.
2. In such an action it is not competent for the defendant to show that the daughter consented willingly to the seduction, or even that she, in fact, seduced the defendant — her consent not depriving the plaintiff of his right of action.
APPEAL, from the Superior Court of Law of ANSON, at the Fall Term, 1851, Bailey, J., presiding.
D. Reid, for the appellee, replied that the rule of evidence as to character in cases like this was an exception to the general rule (Bedford v. McKowl, 3 Esp., 119; 2 Stark., 721; 4 Phil., 218; 5th U.S. Dig., 750; 2 Marsh. Rep.); secondly, that the injury was to the father, and the consent of the daughter could not take away his right to redress.
This was an action on the case brought by the plaintiff against the defendant for the seduction of plaintiff's daughter. The only witness offered in proof of the seduction was the daughter herself, who stated, in substance, that she was about 16 years of age when the defendant came to board at her father's house; that after he had been there about one month — without any previous advances made to her by the defendant, any presents made or any particular attentions on his part — she fell in love with him; that, being seated in the piazza after dark one evening, the defendant came out of the hall room to the piazza, where she was sitting, and told her he wanted to have to do with her; upon which she got up out of her chair and went into an adjacent bedroom and lay down upon the bed, and the defendant then had connection with her; that on two other occasions afterwards he had connection with her; that by some of these connections she was begotten with child, of which she was afterwards delivered; and that on none of the occasions was force used, nor any other persuasion by the defendant than as before stated, but that she yielded at once to the defendant's suggestion.
Plaintiff then offered to prove the general good character of (29) himself and his family, which was objected to by the defendant, but allowed by the court. Plaintiff also proved, by permission of the court, after objection by the defendant, that the defendant was a man of some substance.
The defendant insisted that the witness was not to be believed, but even if believed, her statement did not establish any seduction.
His Honor charged the jury that if they did not believe the witness, the plaintiff could not recover. But if they believed her story, the seduction was established; that if the defendant asked the witness to have to do with him, however, readily she might have assented, it was still seduction. Defendant's counsel then asked his Honor to charge the jury that if the witness herself was the seducer, plaintiff could not recover. His Honor replied there was no evidence of that kind to be left to the jury.
A verdict having been rendered for the plaintiff, a rule to show cause why a new trial should not be granted was moved for by the defendant, upon the grounds, first, error in the court in receiving evidence of the conduct and character of plaintiff's family; secondly, error in receiving evidence of defendant's pecuniary circumstances; thirdly, error in saying that, if the jury believed the statement of the witness, the plaintiff was entitled to recover; fourthly, error in saying that if the defendant asked the witness to have to do with her, that was, of itself, seduction, however readily she may have assented; fifthly, error in refusing to charge that if the witness seduced the defendant, the plaintiff could not recover.
The rule was discharged, and judgment rendered for the (30) plaintiff according to the verdict, and defendant appealed.
Strange, for the appellant, contended that character in civil cases could only be given in evidence when put directly in issue, and cited 2 Stark., 215, and Saund. on Plead. and Ev., 436; secondly, that it could not be called seduction when the woman yielded without entreaty, persuasion, etc., (Clark v. Fitch, 2 Wen., 459); that mere connection was not, of itself seduction; thirdly, that there was error in the judge in saying that there was no evidence of seduction on the part of the woman.
The gravamen of the action is that the defendant had connection with plaintiff's daughter, who was 16 years of age and a member of his household, and, in contemplation of law, his servant; whereby she became pregnant and was delivered of a child, by reason of which he lost her services. Plaintiff having proven these allegations, made out his case, and was entitled to damages to some amount.
Whatever bearing the forward and indelicate conduct of plaintiff's daughter ought to have had on the question of damages, it certainly had none on the question of his right of action. In respect to him, she had no right to consent, and her act in assenting to, or even procuring, the criminal connection was a nullity; so the defendant must stand as a wrongdoer, from whose act the plaintiff has suffered damage. There is damnum et injuria.
(31) This is a full answer to defendant's exceptions to the charge. The exceptions to the evidence relate to the question of damages. If, in this action, plaintiff is confined to the damage suffered by the loss of service, it is clear that the character of the plaintiff and his family, and the pecuniary "circumstances" of the defendant are not relevant to the injury, and the exception of the defendant to the evidence is well founded. But if plaintiff has a right to ask for, not merely the damage suffered by the loss of service, but for such an amount as will be a fit compensation (as far as dollars and cents can atone for it) for a parent's injury and a deserved punishment for a breach of social duty, then it is equally clear that the character of plaintiff and his family and the pecuniary "circumstances" of the defendant are relevant, and that his Honor did not err in allowing these facts to be put in the possession of the jury.
That exemplary damages can be given in an action of this kind is not an open question. An attempt was made in Gilreath v. Allen, 32 N.C. 67, to open the question in an action of slander, but the Court hold that the matter is settled, and observe: "It is fortunate that while juries endeavor to give ample compensation for the injury actually sustained, they are allowed such full discretion as to make verdicts to deter others from flagrant violations of social duty." To enable juries properly to exercise this discretion, it is necessary to put them in possession of all the facts and circumstances connected with the parties as well as the act. If the plaintiff and his family are respectable — that is, have a good general character — the jury should know it, so as to enable them to judge of the degree of suffering and agony inflicted on them; and if, on the contrary, he is debased and has by his conduct exposed himself to the injury, the defendant, in mitigation of damages, is at liberty to prove it. So if defendant, besides violating the ordinary social relation, has violated the more intimate (32) relation of a boarder, or a teacher, or a physician, the jury should know it, so as to apportion the punishment. And, for the same reason, they should know his "pecuniary circumstances." A thousand dollars may be a less punishment to one man than a hundred dollars to another.
It was said in the argument that evidence of general character is not admissible except in such actions as put character in issue; and, consequently, such evidence could only be received in actions of slander. The expression is used in several of the text-books, but it is ill-conceived and inaccurate. Character is not put in issue in an action of slander, under the general issue. The speaking of the words is put in issue, under the plea of justification. If the words import a particular charge, the specific offense only is put in issue. Sharpe v. Stephenson, 34 N.C. 348. If the words are general, only a specific offense, of the kind embraced under the general charge, is put in issue. Snow v. Wicker, 31 N.C. 346.
Character is not brought into the question except upon the inquiry as to damages. Evidence of general character is not admissible except in those actions where the jury may, in its discretion, give exemplary damages. In such actions, upon the inquiry as to damages, for the purpose of regulating the discretion of juries, they should be put into possession of all the circumstances connected with the grievance. Thus, the general character and conduct of the plaintiff and his family, and the pecuniary circumstances of the defendant, are relevant, and may be brought into the question by either party.
PER CURIAM. Judgment affirmed.
Cited: Pendleton v. Davis, 46 N.C. 99; Sample v. Wynn, 44 N.C. 322; Kinney v. Laughenour, 89 N.C. 368; Johnson v. Allen, 100 N.C. 138; Tillotson v. Currin, 176 N.C. 481.
(33)