Opinion
2015-03-20
Brady LITZ, Plaintiff–Appellant, v. CLINTON CENTRAL SCHOOL DISTRICT, John Hughes, in his Capacity as Head Hockey Coach of the Clinton High School Hockey Team, Rob Hameline, in his Capacity as Assistant Hockey Coach of the Clinton High School Hockey Team, Michael Martini, Defendants–Respondents, et al., Defendants.
David R. Diodati, New Hartford, for Plaintiff–Appellant. Sugarman Law Firm, LLP, Syracuse (Jenna W. Klucsik of Counsel), for Defendants–Respondents Clinton Central School District, John Hughes, in his Capacity as Head Hockey Coach of the Clinton High School Hockey Team and Rob Hameline, in his Capacity as Assistant Hockey Coach of the Clinton High School Hockey Team.
David R. Diodati, New Hartford, for Plaintiff–Appellant. Sugarman Law Firm, LLP, Syracuse (Jenna W. Klucsik of Counsel), for Defendants–Respondents Clinton Central School District, John Hughes, in his Capacity as Head Hockey Coach of the Clinton High School Hockey Team and Rob Hameline, in his Capacity as Assistant Hockey Coach of the Clinton High School Hockey Team.
Santacrose & Frary, Albany (Amanda Geary of Counsel), for Defendant–Respondent Michael Martini.
PRESENT: CENTRA, J.P., PERADOTTO, LINDLEY, SCONIERS, and DeJOSEPH, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
Plaintiff commenced this action seeking damages for injuries he sustained in a locker room following hockey practice. Plaintiff was walking barefoot toward the shower area when defendant Michael Martini, one of plaintiff's teammates, stepped backwards onto plaintiff's right foot. Martini was still wearing his hockey skates at the time of the accident. Defendants Clinton Central School District, John Hughes, and Rob Hameline (collectively, school district defendants), and Martini separately moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint on the ground that plaintiff had assumed the risks associated with the sport of hockey. Supreme Court granted the motions, and we affirm.
“The assumption of risk doctrine applies where a consenting participant in sporting and amusement activities ‘is aware of the risks; has an appreciation of the nature of the risks; and voluntarily assumes the risks' ” (Bukowski v. Clarkson Univ., 19 N.Y.3d 353, 356, 948 N.Y.S.2d 568, 971 N.E.2d 849, quoting Morgan v. State of New York, 90 N.Y.2d 471, 484, 662 N.Y.S.2d 421, 685 N.E.2d 202; see Custodi v. Town of Amherst, 20 N.Y.3d 83, 88, 957 N.Y.S.2d 268, 980 N.E.2d 933). By engaging in such an activity, a participant “consents to those commonly appreciated risks which are inherent in and arise out of the nature of the sport generally and flow from such participation” (Morgan, 90 N.Y.2d at 484, 662 N.Y.S.2d 421, 685 N.E.2d 202). “The question of whether the consent was an informed one includes consideration of the participant's knowledge and experience in the activity generally” (Turcotte v. Fell, 68 N.Y.2d 432, 440, 510 N.Y.S.2d 49, 502 N.E.2d 964; see Morgan, 90 N.Y.2d at 485–486, 662 N.Y.S.2d 421, 685 N.E.2d 202).
Initially, we reject plaintiff's contention that assumption of the risk does not apply because he was no longer playing hockey at the time of his injury. It is undisputed that the accident “occurred in a designated athletic or recreational venue” and that the activity at issue “was sponsored or otherwise supported by the [school district] defendant[s]” ( Custodi, 20 N.Y.3d at 88, 957 N.Y.S.2d 268, 980 N.E.2d 933). On the date of the accident, plaintiff was practicing with his high school hockey team at the Clinton Arena, a municipal athletic and recreational facility. The accident took place immediately following practice in one of the arena's locker rooms, which was designated for the exclusive use of the high school hockey team ( cf. id. at 86, 89, 957 N.Y.S.2d 268, 980 N.E.2d 933). Contrary to the contention of plaintiff, we conclude that he was still “involved” (id. at 88, 957 N.Y.S.2d 268, 980 N.E.2d 933), or “participating” (Hawkes v. Catatonk Golf Club, 288 A.D.2d 528, 529, 732 N.Y.S.2d 132), in the sport of hockey at the time of his injury. “[T]he assumption [of risk] doctrine applies to any facet of the activity inherent in it” (Maddox v. City of New York, 66 N.Y.2d 270, 277, 496 N.Y.S.2d 726, 487 N.E.2d 553 [internal quotation marks omitted] ). Here, plaintiff and his teammates stored their hockey equipment, including their skates, in the arena locker room. Plaintiff described his routine as follows: “[G]et there before practice, get ready and get on the ice before you're supposed to be on the ice, get off, ..., get undressed, shower and make sure your stuff is hanging up.” Once practice had concluded on the night of the accident, plaintiff and his teammates “all got off the ice as a team” and proceeded into the locker room to change out of their equipment. Martini and another teammate remained on the ice to pick up the nets and pucks, which took less than 10 minutes. The two players then headed into the locker room, put away the pucks, and began getting undressed. Martini was in the process of removing his equipment when the blade of his skate came into contact with plaintiff's foot.
We conclude that it would be inconsistent with the purpose of the assumption of the risk doctrine to isolate the moment of injury and ignore the context of the accident ( see generally Prats v. Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J., 100 N.Y.2d 878, 882, 768 N.Y.S.2d 178, 800 N.E.2d 351). The policy underlying the assumption of the risk doctrine is to encourage free and vigorous participation in athletic and recreational pursuits by “shielding co-participants, activity sponsors or venue owners from ‘potentially crushing liability’ ” (Custodi, 20 N.Y.3d at 88, 957 N.Y.S.2d 268, 980 N.E.2d 933, quoting Bukowski, 19 N.Y.3d at 358, 948 N.Y.S.2d 568, 971 N.E.2d 849; see Trupia v. Lake George Cent. Sch. Dist., 14 N.Y.3d 392, 395, 901 N.Y.S.2d 127, 927 N.E.2d 547). Here, the school district defendants, “solely by reason of having sponsored or otherwise supported some risk-laden but socially valuable voluntary activity[,] ha[ve] been called to account in damages” (Trupia, 14 N.Y.3d at 396, 901 N.Y.S.2d 127, 927 N.E.2d 547). We therefore conclude that there is a “suitably compelling policy justification ... to permit an assertion of assumption of risk in the present circumstances” ( id.).
The question thus becomes whether plaintiff assumed the risk of the injury-causing acts at issue. “As a general rule, participants properly may be held to have consented, by their participation, to those injury-causing events which are known, apparent or reasonably foreseeable consequences of the participation” (Turcotte, 68 N.Y.2d at 439, 510 N.Y.S.2d 49, 502 N.E.2d 964; see Custodi, 20 N.Y.3d at 88, 957 N.Y.S.2d 268, 980 N.E.2d 933). “[A]wareness of risk is not to be determined in a vacuum [but] ... is, rather, to be assessed against the background of the skill and experience of the particular plaintiff” (Maddox, 66 N.Y.2d at 278, 496 N.Y.S.2d 726, 487 N.E.2d 553; see Turcotte, 68 N.Y.2d at 440, 510 N.Y.S.2d 49, 502 N.E.2d 964). “[I]t is not necessary to the application of assumption of risk that the injured plaintiff have foreseen the exact manner in which his or her injury occurred, so long as he or she is aware of the potential for injury of the mechanism from which the injury results” (Maddox, 66 N.Y.2d at 278, 496 N.Y.S.2d 726, 487 N.E.2d 553).
Here, we agree with the school district defendants and Martini that they met their burden of establishing that the risk of being injured by a skate blade is “inherent in the sport” of hockey and that plaintiff was aware of, appreciated the nature of, and voluntarily assumed that risk (Turcotte, 68 N.Y.2d at 441, 510 N.Y.S.2d 49, 502 N.E.2d 964; see Bukowski, 19 N.Y.3d at 356, 948 N.Y.S.2d 568, 971 N.E.2d 849; Morales v. Beacon City Sch. Dist., 44 A.D.3d 724, 726, 843 N.Y.S.2d 646), and that plaintiff failed to raise an issue of fact with respect thereto ( see Zuckerman v. City of New York, 49 N.Y.2d 557, 562, 427 N.Y.S.2d 595, 404 N.E.2d 718). At the time of the accident, plaintiff had been a member of his high school's varsity hockey team for three years and had been playing organized hockey for over a decade. Plaintiff acknowledged that the use of skates with very sharp edges is part of the sport of hockey, and he testified at his deposition that he was aware of the need to be careful around people wearing hockey skates. Notably, plaintiff testified that he was “always worried” about the possibility of “being stepped on or something with a hockey skate, just getting cut by the skate”—the precise mechanism of injury in this case—and he acknowledged that such a possibility was “part of the sport” of hockey. Although plaintiff was not aware of any similar incidents at the Clinton Arena, he testified that “there's been other injuries with skates in the [National Hockey League and] other leagues.” Plaintiff further testified that he was aware that hockey players often wear their skates into the locker room: “I've always known since I was little, since I started—you know— after practice or a game, you walk in on skates ” (emphasis added). Indeed, the floor of the arena locker room was rubberized for that very purpose. Plaintiff testified that he “always” walked around the locker room with bare feet when he did not have his skates on, and he acknowledged that he was “aware of the need to be careful walking with people still having skates on in the locker room.” Defendants therefore established as a matter of law that being injured by a wayward blade in the locker room before, during, or immediately after a game or practice is “ within the known, apparent and foreseeable dangers of the sport” of hockey (Turcotte, 68 N.Y.2d at 441, 510 N.Y.S.2d 49, 502 N.E.2d 964).
In opposition to the motion, plaintiff failed to raise an issue of fact with respect to whether defendants “unreasonably increased the plaintiff's risk of injury” (Morales, 44 A.D.3d at 726, 843 N.Y.S.2d 646; see Duffy v. Suffolk County High Sch. Hockey League, 289 A.D.2d 368, 369, 734 N.Y.S.2d 613). Plaintiff contends that the risk of injury was unreasonably increased by the layout of the locker room. Although a participant does not assume “concealed or unreasonably increased risks” or “unique and ... dangerous condition[s] over and above the usual dangers that are inherent in the sport” (Morgan, 90 N.Y.2d at 485, 662 N.Y.S.2d 421, 685 N.E.2d 202 [internal quotation marks omitted] ), the assumption of risk doctrine extends to “risks engendered by less than optimal conditions, provided that those conditions are open and obvious and that the consequently arising risks are readily appreciable” (Roberts v. Boys & Girls Republic, Inc., 51 A.D.3d 246, 248, 850 N.Y.S.2d 38, affd.10 N.Y.3d 889, 861 N.Y.S.2d 603, 891 N.E.2d 719; see Bukowski, 19 N.Y.3d at 356, 948 N.Y.S.2d 568, 971 N.E.2d 849; Martin v. State of New York, 64 A.D.3d 62, 64, 878 N.Y.S.2d 823, lv. denied 13 N.Y.3d 706, 2009 WL 2959683). Here, the condition of the locker room, while perhaps not ideal, was open and obvious, and any risks were readily appreciable ( see Roberts, 51 A.D.3d at 248, 850 N.Y.S.2d 38). Thus, the school district defendants “fulfilled their duty of making the ‘conditions as safe as they appear[ed] to be’ ” (Bukowski, 19 N.Y.3d at 357, 948 N.Y.S.2d 568, 971 N.E.2d 849, quoting Morgan, 90 N.Y.2d at 484, 662 N.Y.S.2d 421, 685 N.E.2d 202).
With respect to Martini, plaintiff “failed to present evidence that [Martini]'s conduct was reckless or intentional” (Wollruch v. Jaekel, 103 A.D.3d 524, 524, 959 N.Y.S.2d 435). Indeed, plaintiff acknowledged that Martini was not engaged in horseplay or any other improper conduct at the time of the accident. Martini did not know that plaintiff was behind him when he stepped backwards, and plaintiff did nothing to alert Martini of his presence. As Martini testified at his deposition, he merely “took the wrong step at the wrong time.”
In sum, we conclude that plaintiff's injuries were “simply the result of a ‘luckless accident’ ” arising from his voluntary participation in a school-sponsored athletic activity (Bukowski, 19 N.Y.3d at 358, 948 N.Y.S.2d 568, 971 N.E.2d 849, quoting Benitez v. New York City Bd. of Educ., 73 N.Y.2d 650, 659, 543 N.Y.S.2d 29, 541 N.E.2d 29), and thus that the court properly dismissed the complaint against the school district defendants and Martini based on assumption of the risk.
It is hereby ORDERED that the order so appealed from is unanimously affirmed without costs.