Opinion
ORDER RE: MOTIONS TO DISMISS Re: Dkt. Nos. 28, 29, 30, 31
JACQUELINE SCOTT CORLEY, Magistrate Judge.
This trademark infringement/fraud action arises out of a dispute involving the membership of Plaintiff League of United Latin American Citizens Inc. ("LULAC"). LULAC alleges that after the individual defendants were expelled from LULAC they continued to hold themselves out as members of LULAC and created a rival organization which intentionally infringes on LULAC's trademarks. Now pending before the Court are the motions of Defendants National League of Latin American Citizens ("NLLAC") and Bernardo Eureste to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, and of individual Defendants Argentina and Angel Luevano to dismiss for failure to state a claim and to strike pursuant to California Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16, the anti-Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation statute. Following oral argument on August 14, 2014, NLLAC sought to file an additional declaration in support of its motion. The Court gave NLLAC permission to do so, and ruled that Plaintiff could submit additional evidence and argument in opposition, but it declined to do so. (Dkt. No. 43.) After carefully considering the parties' written submissions and oral argument the Court GRANTS the motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and GRANTS the Luevanos' motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim with leave to amend.
ALLEGATIONS OF THE COMPLAINT
LULAC is a Texas nonprofit and "the largest and oldest Latino membership based organization in the United States." (Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 9.) It "asserts its advocacy by various means, including but not limited to civil rights, voter rights and other types of litigation." ( Id. ¶ 22.) It owns several federally protected trademarks. ( Id. ¶¶ 10, 11, 12 and Exhs. 1-4.) LULAC "permanently removed" Defendants Bernardo Eureste, Angel Luevano and Argentina Luevano as LULAC members in 2011 for violations of LULAC's constitution, protocol and by-laws. ( Id. ¶¶ 15-17, 20.) After they were so removed, the individual defendants incorporated Defendant NLLAC in the state of Nevada. ( Id. ¶ 14-18.)
The Luevanos subsequently filed a lawsuit in California state court seeking to overturn their expulsion. ( Id. at ¶¶ 20-21.) Defendant Eureste "publicly supported" the Luevanos' efforts. ( Id. at ¶ 20.) They also "have begun promoting the creation of NLLAC' and continue to hold themselves out as members of LULAC, California and continue to fraudulently raise money and advocate using the LULAC marks for their own personal gain." ( Id. ¶ 23.) NLLAC attempts to take LULAC's members by adopting LULAC's slogan: "continuing the legacy of 1929." ( Id . \ ¶ 2.) "NLLAC has also adopted similar aspects of Plaintiff's Constitution and By-Laws as its own including its membership/council structure." ( Id. )
Plaintiff makes federal claims for trademark infringement and false designation of origin, as well as state law claims for common law trademark, unfair competition, fraud, conversion and abuse of process. The Complaint does not distinguish among the defendants in each count; instead, each count appears to be pled indiscriminately against "defendants."
DISCUSSION
A. The Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction
Defendants NLLAC and Eureste move to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. The plaintiff bears the burden of proving that personal jurisdiction is appropriate. Love v. Assoc. Newspapers, Ltd., 611 F.3d 601, 608 (9th Cir. 2010). "Where, as here, a motion to dismiss is based on written materials rather than an evidentiary hearing, the plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing of jurisdictional facts. Uncontroverted allegations in the complaint must be taken as true, and conflicts over statements contained in affidavits must be resolved in" the plaintiff's favor. Id.
Since there is no applicable federal statute governing personal jurisdiction here, California law applies. California's jurisdictional statute "is coextensive with federal due process requirements." Id. at 609. Under those due process requirements, personal jurisdiction may be based upon either "general" or "specific" jurisdiction. Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 801 (9th Cir. 2004).
1. General Jurisdiction
"For general jurisdiction to exist over a nonresident defendant..., the defendant must engage in continuous and systematic general business contacts, ' that approximate physical presence' in the forum state. This is an exacting standard, as it should be, because a finding of general jurisdiction permits a defendant to be haled into court in the forum state to answer for any of its activities anywhere in the world." Id. (citations omitted).
Plaintiff does not appear to allege and, in any event, has not come close to making a prima facie showing, that either Eureste or NLLAC is subject to general jurisdiction in California. No evidence, or even allegation in the Complaint or Plaintiff's opposition, contradicts Eureste's affidavits. He attests that he lives in Texas and has never so much as visited California. His alleged internet blog, "Voice of the Mainland, " is insufficient to confer general jurisdiction in California. See Shymatta v. Papillon, 2011 WL 1542145, at *3 (D. Idaho April 21, 2011) ("The few district courts to have considered blogs specifically have found them insufficient to establish general personal jurisdiction.").
As NLLAC's President, Eureste also attests that NLLAC does not own any real or personal property in California, does not have a registered agent for service of process, nor any bank accounts or even telephone numbers in California. Again, nothing in the record contradicts this evidence. That NLLAC is an alleged "national" organization is of no moment. Having "national" in the title of an entity's name does not constitute the "continuous and systematic general business contacts, " that "approximate physical presence" in the forum state.
2. Specific Jurisdiction
Even if there is no general jurisdiction, a court may have specific jurisdiction of a defendant. Specific jurisdiction exists if three prongs are satisfied:
1) The non-resident defendant must purposefully direct his activities or consummate some transaction with the forum or resident thereof; or perform some act by which he purposefully avails himself of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum, thereby invoking the benefits and protections of its laws;
(2) the claim must be one which arises out of or relates to the defendant's forum-related activities; and
(3) the exercise of jurisdiction must comport with fair play and substantial justice, i.e. it must be reasonable.
Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802. The plaintiff has the burden of proving the first two prongs; if it does so, the defendant must demonstrate that the court's exercise of personal jurisdiction would be unreasonable. Id.
Under the first prong, the court engages in either a "purposeful direction" or a "purposeful availment" analysis. Id. Purposeful availment is generally employed in contract cases. Under that analysis, a "showing that a defendant purposefully availed himself of the privilege of doing business in a forum state typically consists of evidence of the defendant's actions in the forum, such as executing or performing a contract there. By taking such actions, a defendant purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.' In return for these benefits and protections, ' a defendant must-as a quid pro quo-submit to the burdens of litigation in that forum.'" Id.
Tort cases, in contrast, employ the "purposeful direction" analysis. Id. Under that analysis the trial court "inquire[s] whether a defendant purposefully direct[s] his activities' at the forum state, applying an effects' test that focuses on the forum in which the defendant's actions were felt, whether or not the actions themselves occurred within the forum." Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme, 433 F.3d 1199, 1206 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc). The "effects" test requires that "the defendant allegedly must have (1) committed an intentional act, (2) expressly aimed at the forum state, (3) causing harm that the defendant knows is likely to be suffered in the forum state." Brayton Purcell LLP v. Recordon & Recordon, 606 F.3d 1124, 1128 (9th Cir. 2010).
Defendants NLLAC and Eureste move to dismiss on the ground that they have not "purposefully availed" themselves of the privilege of conducting activities in California, that is, that they have invoked the benefits and protections of California law. ( See, e.g., Dkt. No. 29 at 7.) The problem with this argument, however, is that, as explained above, "purposeful availment" is the analysis applied to contract claims, not tort claims as are made in this case. The Court will nonetheless endeavor to engage in the appropriate purposeful direction analysis with the "effects" test.
a. Eureste
Plaintiff contends that Eureste is subject to the jurisdiction of this Court notwithstanding that he has never stepped foot in California because "his connection to NLLAC is quite extensive and jurisdiction can be found by viewing the URL from the Nevada Secretary of state which is offered as Exhibit 3." (Dkt. No. 32 at 5.) Exhibit 3 is a print out from SilverFlume, "Nevada's Business Portal, " and identifies information about NLLAC, including its registered agent in Las Vegas, Nevada, and that it is registered as a Nevada corporation. It also identifies Eureste as holding several NLLAC offices and having a Texas address. The exhibit, however, says nothing about how Eureste in his individual capacity committed an intentional act directed at California from which Plaintiff's claims arise. See Brayton Purcell LLP, 606 F.3d at 1128.
Plaintiff also asserts that Eureste's blog, "Voice of the Mainland, " reveals his "obsession with causing harm to Plaintiff. He writes about LULAC constantly and cannot seem to get over the fact that he was expelled from" LULAC. (Dkt. No. 32 at 5.) Again, there is no explanation as to how this allegation-which does not appear in the Complaint nor in a declaration-constitutes an intentional act directed at California, especially since LULAC is a Texas corporation headquartered outside of California. The record is also unclear as to whether Plaintiff is accusing Eureste of engaging in trademark infringement through his blog; there is no such allegation in the Complaint and, of course, simply writing about another entity is not trademark infringement. But to the extent Plaintiff contends that Eureste's blog activity somehow makes him subject to jurisdiction in California, his contention is contrary to the law. See Cybersell, Inc. v. Cybersell, Inc., 130 F.3d 414, 418-20 (9th Cir. 1997) (holding that operation of passive website that did nothing to encourage forum residents to access its cite was not sufficient to confer specific jurisdiction); Shymatta, 2011 WL 1542145 at *4-5 (holding that the fact that a website was accessible in Idaho does not constitute an intentional act aimed at Idaho sufficient to confer specific jurisdiction). Eureste's alleged blog attack on Plaintiff's counsel is similarly insufficient. First, it is not alleged in the Complaint. Second, even if it was, it is not the basis for any of Plaintiff's claims; Eureste cannot have infringed Plaintiff's trademarks by criticizing Plaintiff's counsel on the internet. Thus, even if the internet criticism of counsel is the "intentional act" directed at California, it does not meet the second prong of the effects test-that the claim arise from conduct directed at California.
Next, Plaintiff makes the conclusory allegation that Eureste "was instrumental in expanding Defendant NLLAC into California." (Dkt. No. 32 at 6.) It explains that Eureste provided "guidance and advice in the Luevanos' suit against Plaintiff in 2006 and 2010" and "has shown an interest in the 2006 and 2010 lawsuits filed by Defendant Angel Luevano." ( Id. at 7.) Plaintiff cites no case, however, and the Court is not aware of any, that suggests that taking an interest in a California lawsuit is sufficient to confer jurisdiction in California over claims for trademark infringement and fraud, among others. Plaintiff also attaches to its opposition what is purported to be a print-out from Eureste's blog in which he advises that NLLAC has already assigned a state director for California. That NLLAC has a California state director, however, does not mean that Eureste is an individual engaged in conduct that subjects him to lawsuit in California; indeed, this is just a different version of Plaintiff's argument that because NLLAC is a national organization, Eureste, as its director, must as an individual be subject to jurisdiction in every state. Again, Plaintiff does not cite any caselaw to support its expansive theory of personal jurisdiction. Nor does Plaintiff offer any declarations in opposition to Eureste's motion or ask for jurisdictional discovery. As Plaintiff has not met its burden of establishing personal jurisdiction over Eureste, his motion to dismiss is granted.
b. NLLAC
Plaintiff's trademark infringement claims allege that NLLAC's name and its "use of the slogan continuing the legacy of 1929'" is likely to confuse consumers that NLLAC is affiliated with LULAC. (Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 27.) NLLAC responds that it is not subject to suit here because it does not have any contacts with California. With respect to NLLAC's conduct in or directed at California, the Complaint alleges that defendant Angel Luevano was the NLLAC California director, which supports an inference that NLLAC was operating in California. (Dkt. No. 1 at ¶ 16.) In support of its motion to dismiss, however, NLLAC offers the declarations of its President, Bernard Eureste. He attests that NLLAC does not conduct any activities in California, and specifically denies that defendant Angel Luevano took the office of NLLAC California director; instead, he declares that NLLAC "has no officers or directors of any kind in the state of California." (Dkt. No. 44.) The question, then, is whether Plaintiff has submitted evidence sufficient to contradict NLLAC's declarations; if so, those conflicts must be resolved in Plaintiff's favor. See Love, 611 F.3d at 608.
Following the hearing on August 21, 2014, Defendants asked for permission to file a supplemental declaration in support of their motion. The Court granted the request, and gave Plaintiff the opportunity to file a response, including any additional evidence. (Dkt. No. 43.) Plaintiff chose not to file anything further.
Plaintiff has submitted a purported blurb from what Plaintiff alleges is Eureste's blog "Voice of the Mainland." (Dkt. No. 32-1.) The entry is titled: "NLLAC Looking for State Directors & Councils." Farther down it states that NLLAC "is looking for leaders who would assume the role of interim state director of the respective state of residence of the volunteer, one state director per state." Following the link to the state director application the web entry states: "California has been assigned" as well as the "Vice President for the Far West." Id.
The first question is whether the web page is admissible. On the one hand, Plaintiff does not authenticate the web page by declaration or otherwise. NLLAC, however, does not dispute that it made the web posting through its President, Eureste. There is also a hearsay issue. "Screen shots of internet web pages are not usually admissible to prove the truth of statements contained therein." Ponds v. Veterans Medical Research Foundation, 2013 WL 607847, at *3 n.1 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 15, 2013); see also Bauman v. DaimlerChrylser AG, 2005 WL 3157472, at *10 n.5 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 22, 2005) (noting that web pages provided only unauthenticated hearsay). The blog statement-NLLAC has filled its interim California director-is being offered for the truth; however, the statement was made by NLLAC, a party opponent, and therefore an exception to the hearsay rule applies. See Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(A).
The next question is whether the fact that NLLAC filled its interim California state director position in October 2011 is sufficient to confer personal jurisdiction over NLLAC for Plaintiff's trademark claims. It is not. Plaintiff must show that NLLAC (1) committed an intentional act, (2) expressly aimed at California, (3) causing harm that NLLAC knows is likely to be suffered in California. See Brayton Purcell LLP, 606 F.3d at 1128. For this trademark case, that intentional act would be using the NLLAC mark and the confusingly similar slogan in California. But Eureste attests that NLLAC has not conducted any activities in California and Plaintiff does not offer any evidence to refute that assertion. NLLAC could have filled an interim state director position and then, for whatever reason, not conducted any activities in California. Thus, while the Court must resolve any disputes in the evidence against NLLAC, on the present record there is no dispute with regard to NLLAC's use of its mark in (or specifically directed at) California.
Plaintiff's insistence that the Luevanos held themselves out as LULAC officers after they had been terminated from LULAC is insufficient to confer personal jurisdiction over NLLAC. The relevant conduct is NLLAC's. Despite the nearly hundred pages of attachments to the Complaint, and the further attachments to Plaintiff's opposition, there is nothing in the evidentiary record that contradicts the evidence that NLLAC has not operated in California; in other words, it has not used the mark in California and therefore Plaintiff's trademark claims do not arise from an intentional act directed at California. As Plaintiff has not met its burden of establishing personal jurisdiction of NLLAC, its motion, too, must be granted.
B. The Luevanos' Motion to Strike
California's anti-SLAPP statute provides "for the early dismissal of unmeritorious claims filed to interfere with the valid exercise of the constitutional rights of freedom of speech and petition for the redress of grievances." Greater Los Angeles Agency on Deafness, Inc. v. Cable News Network, Inc., 742 F.3d 414, 421 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Club Members for an Honest Election v. Sierra Club, 45 Cal.4th 309 (2008)). To determine whether a claim should be stricken, the Court engages in a two-step analysis. First, the Court determines whether the defendants (here, the Luevanos) have made a prima facie showing that their challenged actions arise from conduct in furtherance of the exercise of their right to free speech. Id. at 422. If this prima facie showing is made, the burden moves to Plaintiff to establish "by competent evidence, a probability that it will prevail on [the challenged] claims." Id.
The Luevanos appear to contend that each and every "count" arises from protected activity and are all therefore covered by the SLAPP statute. Not so. The anti-SLAPP statute does not apply to federal claims in federal court. See Garcia v. Allstate, Bulletin Displays, LLC, 448 F.Supp.2d 1172, 1180 (C.D. Cal. 2006). Nor have the Luevanos established that the unfair competition and fraud claims arise from protected speech, in part because, as is discussed below, it is difficult to discern from the Complaint precisely what conduct Plaintiff challenges. Should Plaintiff's amended complaint reveal that the counts are indeed covered by the anti-SLAPP statute, the Luevanos may renew their anti-SLAPP motion as to those counts.
The result is different for the abuse of process count. Plaintiff alleges that the Luevanos filed a lawsuit challenging their removal from LULAC without a basis to do so. (Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 72.) Claims based on "communicative conduct such as the filing, funding, and prosecution of a civil action" are covered by the anti-SLAPP statute. Rusheen v. Cohen, 37 Cal.4th 1048, 1056 (2005). Thus, the claim for abuse of process is covered by the anti-SLAPP statute. See Flores v. Emerich & Fike, 385 Fed.Appx. 728, 732 (9th Cir. June 29, 2010) (unpublished) (citing Siam v. Kizilbash, 130 Cal.App.4th 1563, 1570 (2005)); see also Smith v. Fireside Thrift Co., 2007 WL 2729329 * 3 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 18, 2007) (holding that abuse of process claim arising from defendant having filed suit against plaintiff, failing to serve plaintiff, and then filing false proof of service was communicative conduct covered by the anti-SLAPP statute). Plaintiff therefore bears the burden of demonstrating "that the complaint is legally sufficient and supported by a prima facie showing of facts to sustain a favorable judgment if the evidence submitted by the plaintiff is credited." Metabolife Intern., Inc. v. Wornick, 264 F.3d 832, 840 (9th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
To prevail on a California state law claim for abuse of process, a litigant must establish that the defendant "(1) contemplated an ulterior motive in using the process, and (2) committed a willful act in the use of the process not proper in the regular conduct of the proceedings." Rusheen, 37 Cal.4th at 1057. Plaintiff's opposition does not even attempt to explain how these elements are satisfied, or even likely to be satisfied; instead, Plaintiff merely argues that the Luevanos' lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice and no appeal was filed. Losing a lawsuit is not the standard for an abuse of process claim; if it were, nearly every lawsuit would spawn a follow-up lawsuit for abuse of process. As Plaintiff has not made a prima facie showing of facts sufficient to support judgment in its favor on the abuse of process claim, the anti-SLAPP motion to strike the claim must be granted.
C. The Luevanos' Motion to Dismiss
The Luevano defendants also move to dismiss the entire Complaint against them for failure to state a claim. A motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) challenges the sufficiency of the complaint where the action fails to allege "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. The plausibility standard is not akin to a probability requirement, ' but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal citations omitted). Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), a party is required to only make "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, in order to give the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (internal citations and quotations omitted).
For purposes of ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court "accept[s] factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe[s] the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). However, even under the liberal pleading standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), "a plaintiff's obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (internal citations and quotations omitted). "Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief... [is] a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679.
The Complaint fails to state a claim because it is replete with conclusory allegations and does not distinguish among defendants. Plaintiff fails to identify which defendant is sued under which count and for which conduct; instead, each count merely discusses "defendants'" conduct. Such generic allegations deprive each defendant "a fair and meaningful opportunity to defend itself." Powell v. Residential Mortg. Capital, 2010 WL 2133011, at *3 (N.D. Cal. May 24, 2010).
The Complaint also lacks sufficient factual allegations to give rise to a plausible inference of liability as to each defendant. For example, Plaintiff alleges that the individual defendants, without authorization from Plaintiff LULAC, continued to use the LULAC mark even after they had been removed from the organization. (Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 23.) The Complaint then refers to Exhibits 7 and 8 of the Complaint. Exhibit 7 appears to be a blog post referring to the incorporation of "Texas LULAC." ( Id. at 39.) It mentions several officers of Texas LULAC, but none is either Luevano defendant. It does recount how the Luevanos were removed from their positions with LULAC, but it is not obvious how such a statement would constitute trademark infringement by the Luevanos. Exhibit 8 is an email that does not appear to be to or from either Luevano defendant and, again, is discussing Texas LULAC. Thus, it is unclear how Exhibits 7 or 8 fit into Plaintiff's theory of liability by the Luevanos.
Plaintiff also attached to the Complaint unidentified exhibits that involve an entity entitled "the California LULAC Institute" with which the Luevanos appear to have been involved, but the exhibits appear to be dated from 2009 and 2010-before the Luevanos were removed from LULAC. In sum, the Complaint does not adequately explain what the Luevanos did that Plaintiff contends was unlawful.
The fraud claim fails for the additional reason that it does not meet the heightened pleading standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). The Complaint appears to refer to several different fraudulent schemes, but Plaintiff fails to plead the required "time, place and specific content of the false representations as well as the identities of the parties to the misrepresentation." Edwards v. Marin Park, Inc., 356 F.3d 1058, 1066 (9th Cir. 2004) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). For example, Plaintiff alleges that "Defendants" created at least three non-profit corporations to collect funds for LULAC, and that "Defendants" misappropriated the funds for their own purpose. (Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 57.) What non-profit corporations? What did each named defendant do to raise the funds? When did they raise the funds? What did they say that was a misrepresentation? Plaintiff also refers to a fraud against the Oakland Airport Hilton ( id. ¶ 58), but as the Hilton is not a plaintiff it is unclear why "Defendants" allegedly defrauding the Hilton is a claim that may be brought by Plaintiff. And Plaintiff refers to "Defendants" engaging in a solicitation of funds through the California LULAC Institute for the Spring 2010 California State LULAC Convention, but that there has never been an accounting. ( Id. 59.) What is the fraud here, who was defrauded, and when?
Accordingly, the remaining claims against the Luevanos shall be dismissed with leave to amend. The amended complaint shall specify which defendant is sued under each count, and make factual allegations as to the conduct of each defendant relevant to each specific count. For the fraud claim, Plaintiff must also satisfy the heightened pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b).
CONCLUSION
Plaintiff bears the burden of proving personal jurisdiction. It has not done so as to Defendants NLLAC and Eureste; accordingly, their motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction are GRANTED. As the Luevano defendants have met their burden of proving that the abuse of process claim is covered by the anti-SLAPP statute, and Plaintiff has not submitted facts, or even argument, sufficient to sustain judgment in its favor on that claim, the motion to strike the abuse of process claim is also GRANTED. The remaining claims against the Luevanos are dismissed for failure to state a claim. Plaintiff may file an amended complaint within 20 days of this Order. Failure to file a timely amended complaint will mean the claims are dismissed with prejudice. As explained at oral argument, following the filing of the amended complaint, the case will be stayed to enable the remaining parties to engage in court-sponsored mediation. A further case management conference is scheduled for December 11, 2014 at 1:30 p.m.
The case is referred to the Court's ADR program for a mediation to take place within 90 days. This Order disposes of Docket Nos. 28, 29, 30 and 31.
IT IS SO ORDERED.