Opinion
Submitted October 2, 1873
Decided January term, 1874
Crooke, Bergen Clement for the appellant.
Ira D. Warren for the respondent.
The evidence given on the trial as to the value of the use and occupation of the premises was clearly inadmissible; and the instruction given to the jury that they might take such value into consideration in estimating the plaintiff's damages for being kept out of possession, was also erroneous.
The only cause of action stated in the complaint is for the recovery by the plaintiff of the real estate described therein, with damages for withholding the same from him. It is not stated how long the defendant has been in possession, or in fact that he had been in the occupation thereof at all before the day on which the action was commenced; and there is no statement or allegation whatever to show, or in any manner apprise the defendant or indicate to him that any claim was made for the rents and profits thereof. They do not form any part of the damages for withholding the property, but constitute a separate and distinct cause of action. This clearly appears from the provisions of the Code. It is provided by section 167 thereof that the plaintiff may unite in the same complaint several causes of action, whether they be such as have been heretofore denominated legal or equitable, or both, where they all arise out of (among other grounds or facts) "claims to recover real property, with or without damages for withholding thereof, and the rents and profits of the same." (See subdivision 5.) That provision fully recognises the fact that a claim for damages for withholding real estate, demandable and recoverable in an action for the recovery of the land itself, does not include but is distinct from a claim for the rents and profits of it during the time the possession is wrongfully withheld.
This question was considered by the Albany General Term of the Supreme Court, in February, 1852, in Livingston v. Tanner (12 Barb., 481); and it was there held (HARRIS, J., giving the opinion), under a complaint containing substantially the same allegations as those contained in the complaint in this action, and on exceptions to like rulings and instructions to the jury at the circuit by the presiding judge as those herein, that he erred in permitting evidence to be given of the yearly value of the land and allowing a recovery thereof; and the judgment was reversed and a new trial was ordered. I am not aware that this decision has ever been questioned. The attention of the General Term in the case under review cannot, I think, have been directed to it, for we ought not to assume that they intended to overrule it, in the absence of an opinion or a declaration in any form that such was their intention. The reasoning of Judge HARRIS and his views are in accordance with our construction of the Code; and they also show that the plaintiff could not, in an action of ejectment under the Revised Statutes, have recovered the rents and profits of the land as damages for withholding the premises, but that proceedings for the recovery thereof were required to be taken, after a judgment in such action, by a suggestion of the claim which, with the proceedings thereon, was to be entered upon the record of such judgment or be attached thereto as a continuation of the same, as specially provided by those statutes. (2 R.S., 310, §§ 43, 44, 45.) See, also, Holmes v. Davis ( 19 N.Y., 488).
It is claimed by the plaintiff's counsel in his points that the objection to the evidence of the value of the use and occupation was unavailing. 1st. Because it was not objected to till the proof had been given; and, 2d. Because no ground of objection was stated. The answer to this claim is that a fair construction of the statement in the case that "defendant's counsel objected to the testimony" (which was taken in a narrative form) "as to the value of use and occupation; overruled and exception taken," is, that it was all done in due time; and a specification of the ground of the objection was not necessary, because there was no cause of action alleged which authorized or warranted the introduction of the proof. If counsel had stated at the time the objection was made that it was inadmissible under the complaint, the objection could not have been obviated by leave or permission given to insert allegations or statements showing a claim for such rents and profits. They would have constituted a new and independent cause of action and not a mere amendment of that alleged in the complaint, and for which alone the action had been commenced.
It follows, from the views above stated, that the judgment appealed from and that affirmed by it should both be reversed and a new trial ordered, costs to abide the event.
All concur.
Judgment reversed.