Summary
In Landau v. Fred Schmitt Contracting Co., 237 Mo.App. 908, 179 S.W.2d 138, 143, the court, citing numerous cases, say: "There are many cases holding that an assignment, whether by subrogation or by written instrument does not transfer the cause of action.
Summary of this case from Standard Brands v. BatemanOpinion
Opinion filed April 4, 1944. Respondent's Motion for Rehearing Overruled April 21, 1944.
1. — Pleading — Answer. In an action to recover for alleged damage to plaintiff's apartment building by blasting operations conducted by defendant, defendant's denial that plaintiff had been damaged by defendant presented an issue of fact for the jury.
2. — Pleading — Answer. In an action to recover for alleged damage to plaintiff's apartment building by blasting operations conducted by defendant, an allegation of defendant's answer that plaintiff had received pay from his insurers for his alleged damages presented no defense.
3. — Pleading — Answer. In an action to recover for alleged damage to plaintiff's apartment building by blasting operations conducted by defendant, an allegation of defendant's answer that plaintiff had assigned his cause of action to a named insurance company was not a plea of facts showing an assignment, but a mere conclusion of the pleader, and tendered no issue.
4. — Trial — Separate Trial of an Issue. Under Section 1102, R.S. Mo. 1939, neither party has an absolute right to a separate trial of an issue involved in an action; whether an application for a separate trial of an issue should be granted is a matter within the sound discretion of the trial court.
5. — Appeal and Error — Review of Ruling on Application for Separate Trial of an Issue. The discretion of a trial court as to whether an application for a separate trial of an issue should be granted is not absolute but is subject to review on appeal.
6. — Trial — Evidence. Testimony showing that an insurance company is interested financially in the result of a trial is prejudicial.
7. — Appeal and Error — Presumptions. Where no good reason has been shown for the injection of the question of insurance into the trial of a case, the appellate court will indulge the legal presumption that it was not done in good faith.
8. — Trial — Estoppel. Where defendant's claim that plaintiff had assigned his cause of action and hence was not the real party in interest was based upon a written agreement which plaintiff had made with his insurers, defendant was bound by the terms of that agreement though not a party thereto.
9. — Trial — Construction of Writings. The force and effect of unambiguous written documents are for the court, and not the jury.
10. — Courts — Ruling on Procedural Matter Not Binding On Successor Judge. A trial judge is not bound by a ruling on a procedural matter made during the pendency of the cause by a former judge of the court.
11. — Trial — Separate Trial of an Issue. Where defendant in its answer alleged that plaintiff had assigned his cause of action to an insurance company and hence was not the real party in interest, and also joined issue on the merits, the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to grant plaintiff's request for a separate trial of the issue relating to the alleged assignment before the trial of the case on the merits.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of St. Louis County. — Hon. E. McDonald Stevens, Special Judge.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Walter Wehrle and Willson, Cunningham McClellan for appellant.
(1) Money collected from insurance companies by an insured owner of property damaged by the wrongful act of a third person does not inure to the benefit of such tort-feasor, nor lessen his liability in any respect. Matthews v. St. Louis San Francisco Ry. Co., 121 Mo. 298; Matthews v. Mo. Pac. Ry. Co., 142 Mo. 645; Erhart v. R.R., 136 Mo. App. 617; Swift Co. v. Wabash R.R. Co., 149 Mo. App. 526. (2) The courts have universally recognized that juries are prejudiced against the rights of a party by proof that his rights and liabilities will be shared by an insurance company, and have not hesitated to reverse a case where reference to insurance was deliberately injected into the case for the purpose of prejudicing the jury. Buehler v. Festus Merc. Co., 343 Mo. 139, 119 S.W.2d 961; Rytersky v. O'Brine, 335 Mo. 22, 70 S.W.2d 538; Robinson v. McVay (Mo. App.), 44 S.W.2d 238; Nolen v. Halpin-Dwyer Const. Co., 225 Mo. App. 224, 29 S.W.2d 215; Page v. Underreiner (Mo. App.), 106 S.W.2d 528. (3) In the jury trial of this suit to recover damages wrongfully caused to plaintiff's building by defendant's blasting operations, it was highly prejudicial and incompetent for defendant to show that plaintiff was protected by explosion insurance policies covering part of the damage claimed. Bliss v. Moore (Vt.), 22 A.2d 315; Theurer v. Holland Furnace Co., 124 F.2d 494; Brody v. Cooper (R.I.), 124 A. 2. (4) The fact that plaintiff effected settlement with his insurers whereby they advanced to him about half of his damages as a loan, repayable only out of half of the net proceeds of his recovery in his suit against the defendant, does not constitute an assignment to the insurance companies of plaintiff's cause of action against the defendant tort-feasor. Luckenbach et al. v. McCahan Sugar Refining Co., 248 U.S. 139; Dixey v. Federal Compress Warehouse Co. (8 Cir.), 132 F.2d 275; The Turret Crown, 297 F. 766; The J.L. Luchenbach, 65 F.2d 570; Eber Bros. Wine Liquor Corp. v. Firemen's Ins. Co., 30 F. Supp. 412; Cotton Co-op. Asso. v. Yazoo, etc., Ry. Co. (Miss.), 197 So. 828; Automobile Ins. Co. v. Eastern Mchy. Co. (Ohio), 25 N.E.2d 954; Automatic Sprinkler Corp. v. Lbr. Co., 147 La. 542; McCann v. Dixie Lake Ry. Co. (Ga.), 162 S.E. 869; Shiman Bros. Co., Inc., v. Nebr. Natl. Hotel (Nebr.), 9 N.W.2d 807; Annotations, 1 A.L.R. 1528; 132 A.L.R. 607; Ormsby v. A.B.C. Fireproof Warehouse Co., 214 Mo. App. 336, 253 S.W. 491; First Nat. Bk. v. Produce Exch. Bank, 338 Mo. 91, 89 S.W.2d 33; Jones v. Cook (Mo. App.), 249 S.W. 422; Keeley v. Indemnity Co. of America (Mo. App.), 7 S.W.2d 434; Cova v. Bankers Shippers Ins. Co. (Mo. App.), 100 S.W.2d 23. (a) There can be no valid conveyance in the nature of a partial assignment in the State of Missouri. Sexton v. Anderson Elec. Car Co. (Mo. App.), 234 S.W. 358; Swift Co. v. R.R., 149 Mo. App. 526, 131 S.W. 124. (5) It was an abuse of discretion for the trial court to refuse plaintiff's motion for a separate trial of the issue of alleged assignment where such issue involved matters which, if not established, would have the effect of prejudicing and destroying plaintiff's chance of having a fair trial of the remaining issues. Sec. 1102, R.S. Mo. 1939; Matthews v. Ry. Co., 121 Mo. 337; Beck v. R.R., 129 Mo. App. 7; Evans v. Trenton, 112 Mo. 390, 20 S.W. 614; Haynes v. Trenton, 108 Mo. 123; Dorell v. Sparks, 142 Mo. App. 460; State ex rel. v. Camren, 226 Mo. App. 100, 41 S.W.2d 902; Williams v. Columbia Taxicab Company (Mo. App.), 241 S.W. 970; Sexton v. Anderson Elec. Car Co. (Mo. App.), 234 S.W. 358. (6) The fact that the court at a prior term had erroneously refused plaintiff's motion for a separate trial of the alleged defense of assignment did not operate as a legal bar to a correction of such error at the trial, and the trial court erred in refusing to exclude defendant's prejudicial evidence of insurance solely on the theory it was bound by the ruling made at such prior term. Leavenworth v. Atchison, 137 Mo. 218; State ex rel. A. Fire Ins. Co. v. Sevier, 335 Mo. 269, 73 S.W.2d 361; Reed Bros. v. Nicholson, 93 Mo. App. 29. (a) The exercise of a judicial discretion by the trial court, acting under a mistake as to a controlling rule of law, robs the litigant of the right to have the court exercise a sound judicial discretion. Middleton v. K.C. Pub. Serv. Co., 348 Mo. 107, 152 S.W.2d 154; State ex rel. v. Camren et al., 226 Mo. App. 100, 4 S.W.2d 902; Herbert v. Hawley et al. (Mo. App.), 32 S.W.2d 1095.
Moser, Marsalek Dearing for respondent.
(1) Whether plaintiff is the real party in interest involves questions of law and fact upon which there is ample room for difference of opinion. (a) The term "loan agreement" applied to plaintiff's Exhibit A is a misnomer, since the arrangement includes no loan. Defendant was not a party to it and was not precluded from contending that the real intention of the parties was not evpressed therein. Tomlinson v. Marshall, 208 Mo. App. 381, 236 S.W. 380; McKee v. City of St. Louis, 17 Mo. 184, 190; Cordes v. Straszer, 8 Mo. App. 61, 63; Brenner v. Socony Vacuum Oil Co., 236 Mo. App. 524, 158 S.W.2d 171; Slinkard v. Lamb Const. Co., 212 S.W. 61, affd. 286 Mo. (en banc) 623; McKim v. Metropolitan St. R. Co., 196 Mo. App. 544, 546, 196 S.W. 434; Berry v. Royster (Mo. App.), 232 S.W. 477, 479; Blue v. Supreme Camp (Mo. App.), 135 S.W.2d 373, 376; Holman v. Metropolitan L. Ins. Co., 231 Mo. App. 230, 233, 98 S.W.2d 343. (b) The agreement alone renders debatable the question of who was the real owner of the cause of action asserted. Yezek v. Delaware, L. W.R. Co., 176 Misc. 553, 28 N.Y.S.2d 35; Purdy v. McGarity, 262 A.D. 623, 30 N.Y.S.2d 966; Arnold v. Kensington Plaza Garage, 179 Misc. 697, 42 N.Y.S.2d 118; Freeland v. Burdick et al., 200 Mo. App. 226, 228, 204 S.W. 1123; Bennett v. Ward, 272 Mo. 671, 680, 199 S.W. 945; Mechanics Bank v. Merchants Bank, 45 Mo. 513, 516; Carter v. Bolster, 122 Mo. App. 135, 141, 98 S.W. 105; St. Louis v. Hill, 116 Mo. 527, 533. (c) An assignment need not be in writing and, like any other fact, may be inferred from any act of the parties tending to show a transfer of interest from one to the other. City of Maplewood v. Johnson (Mo. App.), 273 S.W. 237, 239; O'Neal v. Viviano (Mo. App.), 105 S.W.2d 985; Wheless v. Meyer S. Gro. Co., 140 Mo. App. 572, 589, 120 S.W. 708; Smith v. Sterrett, 24 Mo. 260, 262. (d) It was defendant's privilege to convince the jury, if it could, that plaintiff had been paid in full by the insurance companies, and had transferred his entire claim to them. The nature of the arrangement disclosed by Exhibit A, that it was signed after defendant had challenged his right to maintain the suit, was signed by plaintiff alone and bore a misleading title, and that the attorney for the insurance companies appeared as attorney for plaintiff, were circumstances from which it could be found that the companies were the real parties in interest. Tomlinson v. Marshall, supra; Brenner v. Socony Vacuum Oil Co., supra. (e) Defendant had the right to a jury's verdict upon any theory of defense the evidence tended, directly or circumstantially, to support. King v. Wabash R. Co., 211 Mo. 1, 14-15, 109 S.W. 671, 673-4; Wilson v. Thompson, 345 Mo. 319, 324, 133 S.W.2d 331. (f) In determining whether defendant had probable grounds for asserting the defense, the facts should be viewed in the light most favorable to defendant's contention. Buesching v. St. Louis Gaslight Co., 73 Mo. 219; Moffett Bros. v. Kent (Mo.), 5 S.W.2d 395, 402; Poague v. Kurn, 346 Mo. 153, 161, 140 S.W.2d 13. (g) The mere fact that plaintiff's insurance was incidentally involved cannot be utilized to deprive defendant of its right to attempt to prove its defense. Steinman v. Brownfield (Mo. App.), 18 S.W.2d 528; Snyder v. Wagner Elec. Mfg. Co. (Mo.), 223 S.W. 911; Jablonski v. Modern Cap Mfg. Co., 312 Mo. 173, 200, 279 S.W. 89; Paepke v. Stadelman, 222 Mo. App. 346, 300 S.W. 845; Nixon v. Hill, 227 Mo. App. 312, 52 S.W.2d 208; Jones v. Mo. Freight Trans. Corp., 225 Mo. App. 1076, 1083, 40 S.W.2d 465; McPherson v. Premier Service Co. (Mo. App.), 38 S.W.2d 277, 279; Zein v. Pickel Stone Co. (Mo. App.), 273 S.W. 165, 166; Boten v. Sheffield Ice Co., 180 Mo. App. 96, 166 S.W. 883. (2) No error appears with respect to the trial court's ruling on plaintiff's motion for a separate trial of the defense that plaintiff was not the real party in interest. (a) Plaintiff had no absolute right to a separate trial of said issue. The ruling on the motion cannot be reviewed in the absence of a clear showing that the court abused its discretion. Authorities, Point 1, supra; also Osmak v. American C. F. Co., 328 Mo. 159, 170-1, 40 S.W.2d 714; Smith v. Baer, 166 Mo. 392, 402, 66 S.W. 166; Stone v. Perkins, 217 Mo. 586, 606, 117 S.W. 771; Speer v. Burlingame, 61 Mo. App. 75, 78; Hunt v. Mo. R. Co., 14 Mo. App. 160; Little v. Harrington, 71 Mo. 391, 392; Reynolds v. Wargus, 240 Wis. 94, 2 N.W.2d 842, 845; G.A. Nichols Co. v. Lockhardt (Okla.), 129 P.2d 599, 603. (b) The course the trial took completely obviated the complaint made by plaintiff in his motion. Sec. 1228, R.S. Mo. 1939; Mills v. Thimmig (Mo. App.), 227 S.W. 616; Stoll v. First National Bank, 345 Mo. 582, 134 S.W.2d 97. (c) Upon appeal, all presumptions favor the correctness of the trial court's rulings. Graves v. Davidson, 334 Mo. 882, 888, 68 S.W.2d 711. (3) The trial court did not err in overruling plaintiff's objection, during the preliminary proceedings at the trial, to any statement or evidence by defendant, or any offer by defendant to introduce any testimony, regarding plaintiff's cases against the insurance companies. (a) Defendant was not precluded by plaintiff's denial from making an effort to prove its defense. Authorities, Points 1 and 2 supra. (b) A trial court has no authority to exclude evidence before it is tendered, or to discharge a jury before it is impaneled. Stupp v. Holmes, 48 Mo. 89, 91; Taff v. Larey, 29 Ga. App. 631, 116 S.E. 866; Krakowski v. North New York B. Y. Assn., 7 Misc. 188, 27 N.Y.S. 314; Missouri, K. T.R. Co. v. Johnson (Tex.), 67 S.W. 768; Crane v. Darling, 71 Vt. 295, 44 A. 359. (4) The court having ruled that the matter in question was one upon which defendant could offer proof, defendant's counsel, in his opening statement to the jury, did not exceed his rights in stating what he expected the evidence on the subject to show. Authorities, Points 1 and 2, supra. (5) Defendant's counsel was within his rights in attempting to elicit, on cross-examination of plaintiff, such facts as he could obtain regarding the transaction between plaintiff and the insurance companies. Authorities, Points 1 and 2, supra.
Appellant filed this suit to recover on account of damages alleged to have resulted to an apartment building owned by him by reason of blasting operations conducted by the respondent. The trial below, before the court and a jury, resulted in a verdict and judgment in favor of the respondent, and this appeal followed. We will herein refer to the parties as plaintiff and defendant, according to the position they occupied below, and narrate the facts with a few changes as contained in respondent's printed statement.
Plaintiff, in his petition, alleged that his property consisted of a three-family brick apartment with a brick garage and concrete driveway, located at 6401 Cates avenue, University City; that the property was located immediately south of the River Des Peres; that the City of University City and the Public Works Administration had entered into a contract to share the cost of constructing the River Des Peres drainage canal, on condition that the bids, contracts, insurance, bonds and supervision of the project should comply with the requirements of the Public Works Administration; that pursuant to the agreement University City advertised for bids, and that the defendant was the successful bidder. Plaintiff further alleged that defendant entered into a contract with University City for the construction of the sewer project through University City, and that the defendant agreed to comply with the requirements of the Public Works Administration; that the contract included provisions for the protection of adjacent property, care in the use of explosives and a provision that any damage caused to adjacent property should be promptly repaired by the contractor. That defendant entered into the construction of the sewer and in the course of the work used dynamite and other explosives; that vibrations caused by the blasting damaged plaintiff's property in the amount of $5700, for which sum plaintiff prayed judgment.
Defendant's second amended answer to plaintiff's petition was filed on January 29, 1942. Therein defendant, after a general denial, pleaded that plaintiff negligently failed to brace the structures on his land, after notice of defendant's intention to excavate; further, that plaintiff held the policies of two insurance companies, insuring plaintiff's property against damage by explosion; that he brought suit against one of the companies and recovered a judgment of $2650; that after the defendant's motion for a new trial had been overruled in said suit, on December 29, 1941, said insurance company paid plaintiff a sum in excess of the damages, if any, referred to in his petition, and that plaintiff assigned and transferred the alleged cause of action mentioned in his petition and any and all right, title and interest therein to said insurance company, and that the latter was the sole owner and holder of the cause of action, if any, and was the real party in interest.
On January 31, 1942, two days after defendant filed the foregoing answer, plaintiff signed a paper entitled "loan agreement" introduced in evidence as Plaintiff's Exhibit A.
On April 21, 1942, plaintiff filed a reply to said answer, and a motion for a separate trial of the issue of assignment set up therein, alleging that the trial of this issue would require the attendance of witnesses and the production of documents distinct from those required for the trial of the principal issue; that the defendant was aware that the allegation of assignment made by the answer was untrue and could not be substantiated, and that the issue was colorable and would confuse the jury at the trial. The motion was submitted to the court and was overruled by the court on June 16, 1942.
On October 15, 1942, plaintiff filed his second amended reply to said answer, consisting of a general denial, and a plea that defendant by its contract had agreed to protect adjacent property from damage; that the cost of restoring adjacent property was included in the sum defendant had bid and received for the work, and that the contract relieved adjoining owners from any requirement to protect their property.
When the case was called for trial, on November 16, 1942, before the voir dire examination of the jury, plaintiff's counsel offered to introduce evidence to show that there had been no assignment of the plaintiff's cause of action to the insurance companies.
Defendant's counsel objected to any evidence being offered at that time, on the ground that such evidence would not be competent or binding on the defendant, in that the offer concerned an issue raised by the pleadings and which had been adjudicated by the court, and further that there was no rule permitting the introduction of evidence at that stage of the case. The court sustained defendant's objection, but permitted plaintiff to make an offer of proof. A colloquy ensued in which plaintiff's two attorneys, defendant's attorney and the court participated. Plaintiff's counsel admitted that plaintiff had sued the two insurance companies to recover his damage, and had recovered a verdict and judgment in one of the cases, but denied that the plaintiff had assigned his cause of action. He stated that the insurance companies and plaintiff had entered into a "loan agreement," whereupon the judgment obtained by plaintiff against the one insurance company had been set aside, and the cases dismissed. Defendant's counsel objected to the offer of proof on the ground that such proof could not affect the issues raised by the pleadings; that the answer had been attacked by motion, that the motion had been overruled and the question thereby adjudicated. Counsel further objected to the offer of proof because defendant was not bound by the terms of the written instrument, and that the real terms of the agreement would be an issue of fact for the jury. Plaintiff's counsel charged that defendant had no evidence to sustain the defense that the plaintiff was not the real party in interest, and defendant's counsel stated that if he could prove the facts in plaintiff's case that would be sufficient.
The court in the course of the colloquy stated a number of reasons for his ruling rejecting the offer of proof. He stated that the plaintiff had asked for a separate trial of the issue, and that the court at a prior term had ruled on the motion, and that such ruling was binding. The court further stated that whether the agreement between plaintiff and the insurance companies was a loan agreement, a settlement or an assignment was a question for the jury, upon which the defendant's counsel had a right to cross-examine the plaintiff.
After plaintiff's offer of proof had been rejected Mr. Wehrle, one of plaintiff's counsel, made an objection to any statement that defendant's counsel might make on voir dire examination or opening statement to the jury, or any questions addressed to any witness, or any offer to introduce any testimony of any facts relating to the plaintiff's cases against the insurance companies, on the ground that such matter was incompetent, immaterial and irrelevant to any of the issues, highly prejudicial to the plaintiff, and would inject a false and fictitious issue into the case. Counsel concluded his objection with the statement, "We will have to ask for a mistrial and discharge of the jury." The court overruled plaintiff's said objection.
An effort was then made to obtain an agreement from defendant's counsel as to the terms of the objection, and in the course of the discussion defendant's counsel, in response to a remark of the court that the issue was for the jury, said "That may be determined at the particular time." Mr. Wehrle was attempting to incorporate in his objection what had been stated theretofore by Mr. Cunningham, his co-counsel. Defendant's counsel rejected this suggestion, on the ground that Mr. Cunningham accused defendant's counsel of bad faith. Mr. Cunningham then stated, "No, that is not to be considered."
Mr. Wehrle then asked defendant's counsel whether the latter would agree and stipulate on the objection he, Mr. Wehrle, had made, and defendant's counsel replied in the affirmative, stating "it goes all the way through the case." It was also agreed that exceptions should be saved as a matter of course.
The above account summarizes the occurrences prior to the impaneling of the jury.
After the jury was impaneled defendant's counsel made an opening statement to the jury in which he referred to the suits brought by the plaintiff against the two insurance companies; that after the plaintiff obtained judgment against one of the companies, he made a settlement with the two companies and received a sum of approximately $3,000.00, the exact amount not being known to counsel; that the plaintiff was not the real party in interest, but that he was suing for the two insurance companies, and that the attorney who appeared in the case on trial, as attorney of record for plaintiff, appeared as attorney for the insurance company in the suit brought against it by the plaintiff.
The trial was lengthy, and involved the examination of a large number of witnesses. To show the nature of the blasting done by the defendant, and the alleged damage to his building, garage and concrete driveway alleged to result therefrom, plaintiff testified in his own behalf and called a number of witnesses, lay and expert. His expert witnesses, A.R. Schollmeyer, a real estate man, and E.R. Kinsey, a civil engineer, testified that plaintiff's property was damaged by the blasting.
Defendant's evidence consisting mainly of expert witnesses was to the effect that the defects found in the building did not result from blasting, but from structural faults, including the fact that the building was constructed upon filled ground and had settled. Plaintiff's evidence was that the building was not on filled ground. Defendant's contentions were supported by the testimony of John Wunderlich, architect; Nelson Cunliff, civil engineer, and James B. Macelwane, professor of geophysics and seismology at St. Louis University.
On the issue raised by defendant's answer, that plaintiff was not the real party in interest, plaintiff testified on cross-examination that in his suit against the insurance companies, Mr. Cunningham, one of his attorneys in the case on trial, represented the defendants. One of the suits resulted in a judgment in plaintiff's favor of $2,650.00. In each case he sought to recover part of the damage to the apartment building, and in one of the suits for damage to the garage also. He testified that he had no insurance on the driveway, and partial coverage on the garage.
On redirect examination plaintiff stated that, in the case that was tried, the insurance company was defending on the ground that the property was not damaged by dynamite blasting, and that the jury returned a unanimous verdict that it was damaged by blasting done by Fred Schmitt Contracting Company; that after the insurance company, represented by Mr. Cunningham, lost that case, the insurance company filed a motion for a new trial; that while the motion was pending, the trial of the case against the second insurance company commenced, and while that case was being tried plaintiff and Mr. Cunningham entered into the loan agreement. Plaintiff then introduced in evidence the "loan agreement" as his Exhibit A, it being as follows:
"Loan Agreement.
"Received of Anchor Insurance Company and National Liberty Insurance Company of America, jointly, the total sum of Three Thousand Three Hundred Dollars ($3,300.00), as a loan, without interest, repayable only to the extent of fifty percent (50%) of any net recovery (computed by deduction from the gross recovery a contingent attorney's fee of thirty-three and one-third percent (33 1/3%), court costs and witness fees and their expenses reasonably paid) which the undersigned may make from Fred Schmitt Contracting Company or any affiliated firm, [or The Hartford Accident Indemnity Company, which bonded and insured said Fred Schmitt Contracting Company], or from any person, firm or corporation, on account of damage to property located at 6401 Cates Avenue, University City, Missouri, due to explosions, blasting, and the acts of said Fred Schmitt Contracting Company, its employees, agents and representatives, in connection with the sewer laid by said firm immediately north of said property, particularly during the months of October, November and December of 1939.
"In consideration of said loan the undersigned hereby fully releases said Anchor Insurance Company and National Liberty Insurance Company of America, their respective representatives, successors or assigns, from all further liability on account of said loss to said property.
"As security for the repayment of such loan I hereby pledge to said Insurance Companies, jointly and severally, half of said net recovery, and hereby agree to prosecute the claim against said Fred Schmitt Contracting Company [and its insurance company, The Hartford Accident Indemnity Company]. Said claim is to be prosecuted by means of the action now pending against Fred Schmitt Contracting Company in the Circuit Court at Clayton, Missouri, which said action is being defended by Moser, Marsalek Dearing, Attorneys [for The Hartford Accident Indemnity Company]. Walter Wehrle, Attorney at Law, shall continue to act as attorney for the plaintiff in said suit and shall receive a contingent attorney's fee of thirty-three and one-third (33 1/3%) percent mentioned above.
"In consideration of said loan I hereby warrant unto said Insurance Companies that I have not knowingly, directly or indirectly released or discharged the said Fred Schmitt Contracting Company, [Hartford Accident Indemnity Company], or any other person, firm or corporation responsible for said damage from any liability, claim, or cause of action on account of having caused said damage and will not release or discharge such parties without the written consent of each of said Insurance Companies.
"Executed at St. Louis, Missouri, this 31st day of January, 1942.
"Witnesses: B. Sherman Landau. "J.H. Cunningham, Jr."
The words appearing in Exhibit A in brackets were deleted before the exhibit was read to the jury, being objected to by defendant.
On recross-examination plaintiff testified that his coverage was $10,000.00 with one insurance company and $5,000.00 with the other. That after the court had overruled the defendant's motion for a new trial in the case in which plaintiff obtained the $2650.00 verdict, plaintiff and Mr. Cunningham agreed that the ruling should be set aside, and plaintiff received $3300.00 from the insurance companies. Plaintiff said, "He agreed to loan me the money."
At the close of all the evidence the Court ruled as a matter of law that plaintiff was the real party in interest, refused defendant's instruction C on the subject, and ruled that defendant could not argue to the jury that plaintiff was not the real party in interest. After argument to the court, the defendant excepted to the court's ruling.
Other pertinent facts will appear in the course of the opinion.
After argument by counsel, the jury found for defendant. Plaintiff filed his motion for a new trial and same being overruled took the present appeal.
The first assignment of error is the overruling of plaintiff's motion for a separate trial of the allegation in the answer that plaintiff was not the real party in interest, but assigned his cause of action to insurance companies which had insured his property against damage from explosions and had paid the damage. The second assignment of error, which was in effect a renewal of plaintiff's motion for a separate trial, was the overruling of a motion when the case was called for trial, to exclude any statements of counsel, or evidence relative to insurance policies carried by plaintiff, or suits filed by plaintiff on such policies, or of any settlement made by plaintiff with such insurance companies. The two assignments may be considered together.
The issues tendered by the answer were as follows:
First: A denial that plaintiff had been damaged by defendant. This presented an issue of fact to be tried by a jury.
Second: That plaintiff was notified of defendant's intention to construct the sewer, and plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence in failing to guard against damage to his property. There was no merit to that allegation, and it was not pressed by defendant in the trial.
Third: That plaintiff had received pay from his insurers for his alleged damages. There was no merit to that allegation. Plaintiff had bought and paid for his insurance contracts, and whatever he received from his insurers was not paid or received to satisfy in whole or in part defendant's liability, and defendant could not derive any advantage therefrom in mitigation of damages for which it was liable. To permit a defendant wrongdoer to profit or reap any advantage from plaintiff's insurance would be to allow a wrongdoer to pay nothing and take the benefit of a policy of insurance for which it had paid no part of the premium, — in other words, to reap where it had not sown. Cases cited by appellant settle this point: Mathews v. St. Louis S.F. Ry. Co., 121 Mo. 298, 24 S.W. 591; Mathews v. Missouri Pac. Ry. Co., 142 Mo. 645, 44 S.W. 802; Erhart v. Wabash R. Co., 136 Mo. App. 617, 118 S.W. 657; Swift Co. v. Wabash R. Co., 149 Mo. App. 526, 131 S.W. 124.
Fourth: That plaintiff had assigned his cause of action to the National Liberty Insurance Company of America. This allegation was not a plea of facts which would show an assignment, but was simply a bold assertion and conclusion of the pleader that an assignment had been made, and really tendered no issue. [Ford v. Wabash Railway Co., et al.; St. Louis Transfer Co., App., 318 Mo. 723, l.c. 735, 300 S.W. 769; Kramer v. Kansas City Power Light Co., 311 Mo. 369, 279 S.W. 43.]
However, regardless of the sufficiency of the answer, the vital question as presented before us is whether the trial court exercised a sound discretion in refusing to try the issue of assigned cause of action before trying the cause on its merits.
Section 1102, Revised Statutes 1939, provides that where there are several issues in a cause, and the court shall be of the opinion that all or any of them should be tried separately by the court or jury, it may, on the application of either party direct separate trials. Neither party has an absolute right to demand and have a separate trial of an issue involved in the cause of action, but when such application is made it becomes a matter for the sound discretion of the court as to whether it should be granted. In a case very analogous to this, except that a separate trial was granted, the Kansas City Court of Appeals, in Sexton v. Anderson Electric Car Co. (Mo. App.), 234 S.W. 358, construing what is now Section 1102, said, "The clear intent of the statute is to prevent confusion in deciding the several issues. The statute is not mandatory; the granting of separate trials thereunder is purely within the discretion of the court, and this discretion will not be reviewed unless it clearly appears it has been abused. [Stone v. Perkins, 217 Mo. 586, 607, 117 S.W. 717; Speer v. Burlingame, 61 Mo. App. 75; Hunt v. Missouri R. Co., 14 Mo. App. 160.] For the reasons above stated, the trial court committed no error in granting separate trials of the issues involved."
Such is the settled law, but it is equally well settled that we should not blindly accept the discretion of the trial court where it clearly appears that such discretion was not soundly exercised. The discretion of the trial court is not absolute, and is subject to review. [Williams v. Columbia Taxicab Co. (Mo. App.), 241 S.W. 970.] Whether the lower court really and soundly exercised its discretion in the matter brought to its attention is subject to our review. [State ex rel. and to Use of Piepmeier v. Camren, 226 Mo. App. 100, 41 S.W.2d 902.] And still more to the point is the statement from the Supreme Court in the case of Mertens v. McMahon, 334 Mo. 175, 66 S.W.2d 127, l.c. 133, as follows:
"When, as here, it is proper and necessary to join the plea to the jurisdiction and the plea to the merits in the same answer, it is held to be in the discretion of the trial court, and the better practice is to have separate trials of these issues, trying the question of jurisdiction first, as was done in this case. [Byler v. Jones, 79 Mo. 261, 263-264; Harris v. McQuay (Mo. App.), 300 S.W. 305. See section 951, R.S. 1929 (Mo. St. Ann., sec. 951, p. 1223); Clark v. Railroad, 234 Mo. 396, 413, 137 S.W. 583; Roberts v. American Nat. Assur. Co., 201 Mo. App. 239, 245, 212 S.W. 390.]"
It is no longer a debatable question that testimony showing that an insurance company is interested financially in the result of the trial is prejudicial. [Buehler v. Festus Mercantile Co., 343 Mo. 139, 119 S.W.2d 961; Rytersky v. O'Brine, 335 Mo. 22, 70 S.W.2d 538.] It has been held that where there has been no good reason shown for the injection of the question of insurance in the case, that the appellate court will indulge in the legal presumption that it was not done in good faith. [Robinson v. McVay (Mo. App.), 44 S.W.2d 238; Nolen v. Halpin-Dwyer Const. Co., 225 Mo. App. 224, 29 S.W.2d 215.]
Of course, we must determine whether the court exercised a sound discretion from the matters before the court at that time, and yet viewing the case on appeal after the trial, it is significant that defendant did not have a scintilla of evidence on which to base its charge that the cause of action had been assigned, and the trial court finally held and properly so that there was no evidence to prove such allegation. So far as the evidence shows, defendant's claim was founded solely on speculation and suspicion. There are many cases holding that an assignment, whether by subrogation or by written instrument does not transfer the cause of action. [Swift Co. v. Wabash R. Co., supra; First National Bank of Kansas City v. Produce Exchange Bank, 338 Mo. 91, 89 S.W.2d 33, l.c. 38; Gould v. Chicago B. Q.R. Co., 315 Mo. 713, 290 S.W. 135; Missouri Building Loan Ass'n. v. National Liberty Ins. Co. of America, 232 Mo. App. 85, 89 S.W.2d 138; Central Fibre Products Co. v. Bacher, 232 Mo. App. 854, 112 S.W.2d 379; Florea et al. v. Iowa State Ins. Co., 225 Mo. App. 49, 32 S.W.2d 111; Keeley v. Indemnity Co. of America (Mo. App.), 7 S.W.2d 434.]
Much is said about Exhibit A. Respondent contends that it is not bound by that paper because of not being a party to it, and then takes the position that the paper prescribes in detail the manner in which the claim against the defendant was to be prosecuted, and that the paper itself shows an assignment of the cause of action.
Although defendant was not a party to, and ordinarily would not be bound by, plaintiff's agreement with his insurers, yet, when defendant based its claim that plaintiff had assigned his cause of action on the written agreement which plaintiff had made with his insurers, then defendant was bound by the terms of that agreement. [Schneider v. Kirkpatrick, 80 Mo. App. 145; Slaughter v. Sweet Piper Horse Mule Co. (Mo. App.), 259 S.W. 131.]
Exhibit A was signed by plaintiff two days after the filing of defendant's answer, but it appears in evidence that defendant's attorney had been advised of plaintiff's settlement with his insurers, and what had been done, long before the answer was filed. However, it is not merely a question of whether defendant was in good faith in alleging an assignment of the cause of action, but did the court exercise a sound discretion in refusing to try that question in advance of a trial on the merits.
As to whether Exhibit A. shows an assignment of the cause of action on its face was not really an issue for a jury, the exhibit not being ambiguous. The force and effect of written documents is for the court. [Roach-Manigan Paving Co. v. Southwestern Surety Ins. Co. (Mo.), 238 S.W. 119.]
Of course the court may not have known, when ruling on the motion for a separate hearing, that the facts attending plaintiff's settlement with his insurers had been reduced to writing, but in view of the assertion of defendant as stated in its answer that there had been an assignment of the cause of action, and the emphatic denial by plaintiff that there had been an assignment of the cause of action, and an offer to show exactly what was done, the court in the exercise of sound discretion would have asked counsel on what he based the charge before denying a separate hearing.
The record does not show what took place before the court (Judge Wolfe) when the motion was overruled, but even though the motion was presented without evidence, as defendant now says, yet, from the very nature of the allegation, to-wit, an assignment of the cause of action, when in good faith attacked by plaintiff, and the question going directly to plaintiff's right to institute or to proceed further with the case, in the exercise of a sound discretion the court should have granted the motion, and it would then have held against defendant's claim of assignment, as it did do after trial, and prevented the prejudicial testimony going before the jury. That testimony showing the interest of an insurance company in the result of the case is likely to govern the jury's verdict is exemplified in this case in the care which defendant's able counsel exercised in insisting that all reference to the fact that defendant was indemnified by insurance be deleted from Exhibit A. before it was read to the jury.
However, the record does show what took place when the motion or objection was made immediately before impaneling the jury, to any statement made by defendant's counsel or to any evidence on the issue of assignment. Although the record shows that in the colloquy following the motion or objection plaintiff's counsel stated, "I am not asking a separate trial of the issues. All I am asking is an opportunity to offer evidence in support of my motion," yet, the object then sought was the same as in the motion for a separate trial. It was a request that the court hear the evidence on that issue and determine the issue, and not permit it to be heard by the jury. And the court was not only in error in refusing the request for the reason that Judge Wolfe had passed on it, but such refusal was a disclaimer by the then judge of his right to exercise a discretion. The then judge was no more bound by the prior judge's ruling on a procedural matter than if he had himself made the prior ruling. It would be a dangerous precedent to establish to say that a trial judge cannot correct an erroneous ruling made in the progress of a cause as to a matter of procedure.
In the trial of the case the plaintiff was cross-examined at length as to what insurance he had and the settlement he had made with his insurers, and it was shown that he had two policies, one for a coverage of $10,000 and the other for $5,000, and that he had received from the insurance companies $3300. To say that such testimony was not prejudicial to his cause would be contrary to the experience of every lawyer who tries damage suits.
If Section 1102 means anything at all, this is clearly a case wherein it should have been invoked. Plaintiff was entitled to a fair trial, uninfluenced by prejudicial evidence, on the issues involved in the case on its merits, and the court did not exercise a sound discretion in refusing to determine who was a proper party plaintiff before the trial of the case on its merits.
A considerable part of the briefs and arguments are devoted to the question of whether appellant properly saved exceptions to the admission of evidence regarding plaintiff's insurance before the jury and plaintiff's motion to discharge the jury during the trial of the cause. These questions become moot in view of our holding that error was committed by the court in refusing a separate trial of the issues.
The case should be reversed and remanded for a new trial. It is so ordered. McCullen and Anderson, JJ., concur.