Opinion
No. 01-03-00587-CR
Opinion issued July 1, 2004. DO NOT PUBLISH. Tex.R.App.P. 47.2(b).
On Appeal from the 209th District Court, Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 921006.
Panel consists of Justices NUCHIA, ALCALA, and HIGLEY.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted appellant, Sidney Lamb, of aggravated robbery and assessed punishment at confinement for 45 years. Appellant presents 14 points of error on appeal. In his first six points of error, appellant contends the trial court erred during the guilt-innocence stage of trial by admitting evidence that he committed aggravated robbery prior to and arson subsequent to the charged offense. In his seventh point of error, appellant contends the trial court erred during the punishment phase of trial by allowing a victim impact witness to testify that she was a state district court judge. In his eighth point of error, appellant contends the trial court erred during the punishment phase of trial by allowing the introduction of evidence as to appellant's juvenile adjudications for robbery, evading arrest, and probation violation. In his ninth, tenth and eleventh points of error, appellant contends the trial court erred during the punishment phase of trial by admitting evidence that appellant had previously committed the extraneous offenses of sexual assault, kidnapping, and robbery. In his twelfth and thirteenth points of error, appellant contends the trial court erred in denying his motion for mistrial. In his fourteenth point of error, appellant contends the trial court erred in denying his motion for new trial. We affirm.
Background
Around 3:00 a.m. on the morning of July 18, 2002, James Doku, a newspaper deliveryman, was delivering newspapers to customers on his route. As he drove his green Chevy Blazer into the Polo Club Apartments in Houston, Texas, Doku was followed by appellant and two other men in a white Toyota Corolla. When Doku exited his Blazer and began restocking a newspaper stand, appellant approached him, pointed a shotgun at him, and forced him to lie on the ground. While Doku lay on the ground, the two men with appellant drove away in Doku's Blazer. After appellant's companions left, appellant stole Doku's wallet and fled in the Corolla. Around 5:00 a.m. the same morning, Rupert Carroll, complainant, arrived at his boot store to prepare for the day's business. As complainant walked from his car to the store, appellant and the two other men approached the store in Doku's Blazer. Appellant, who was driving, jumped a median and drove the Blazer into complainant, pinning complainant's lower body against a six-inch concrete filled pipe. Complainant, who was carrying a bag of donuts, heard one of the Blazer's occupants say "Get his moneybag." Before the men could exit the vehicle, however, complainant reached into his pocket, pulled out a handgun, and fired the gun into the windshield and hood of the Blazer. Complainant continued to fire his gun until his ammunition was exhausted, hitting both appellant and the man sitting in the front passenger side of the Blazer. After complainant quit shooting, appellant backed-up and sped away in the Blazer. The Blazer was found later that morning in a ditch; it had been burned as a result of arson. Much of the Blazer, including the windshield, had been destroyed by fire; however, bullet holes were found in the hood of the vehicle.Theft and Arson of the Blazer
In his first six points of error, appellant contends the trial court erred by admitting evidence concerning the aggravated robbery in which appellant obtained the Chevy Blazer used in the charged offense. Appellant also contends that the trial court erred by admitting evidence that the Blazer was destroyed by arson subsequent to the charged offense. Appellant avers that this evidence was admitted in violation of Rules of Evidence 402, 403, and 404(b). An appellate court must uphold a trial court's evidentiary ruling if it is reasonably supported by the record and is correct under any theory of law applicable to the case. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855-56 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). This principle holds true even when the trial judge gives the wrong reason for his decision. Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex.Crim. App. 1990). We will not reverse the trial court's decision to admit evidence unless the record shows that the trial court abused its discretion. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990). This standard requires an appellate court to uphold a trial court's admissibility decision when that decision is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Powel v. State, 63 S.W.3d 435, 438 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001). A. Appellant's Rule 402 404(b) Complaints Evidence must make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable than it would without the evidence to be relevant under Rule of Evidence 402. See Tex. R. Evid. 402; Cruz v. State, 122 S.W.3d 309, 312 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). Relatedly, the State may not introduce evidence of crimes, wrongs or bad acts similar to the offense charged for the purpose of proving a defendant's character in order to show action in conformity therewith. See Tex. R. Evid. 404(b); Roberts v. State, 29 S.W.3d 596, 600 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. ref'd). One exception to these general rules, however, is same transaction contextual evidence. See Rodgers v. State, 853 S.W.2d 29, 32-33 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993). Where several crimes are intermixed, blended, or connected with one another so that they form an indivisible criminal transaction, they are collectively referred to as same transaction contextual evidence. See Wyatt v. State, 23 S.W.3d 18, 25 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). Same transaction contextual extraneous offense evidence is admitted not because it has any particular evidentiary purpose, but rather because, in narrating the one offense, it is impracticable to avoid describing the other extraneous offenses. See Mayes v. State, 816 S.W.2d 79, 86-87 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991). In other words, if narration of the primary offense would make little or no sense without bringing in the other offenses, then they should be admitted. Jones v. State, 962 S.W.2d 158, 165 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1998, no pet.). Thus, same transaction contextual offense evidence illuminates the nature of the crime alleged by imparting to the trier of fact information essential to understanding the context and circumstances of events. Camacho v. State, 864 S.W.2d 524, 532 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993). In the instant case, appellant's theft of the Chevy Blazer, his use of the Blazer in the charged offense, and his burning of the Blazer all occurred within a matter of hours and were intermixed, blended, and connected with one another to such an extent that they formed an indivisible criminal transaction. Furthermore, the events surrounding appellant's acquisition, use, and destruction of the Blazer were integral to the State's prosecution of appellant, because the Blazer was the deadly weapon used in the commission of the charged offense. Indeed, evidence of the theft of the Blazer was required to connect appellant with the deadly weapon used in the charged offense, while the arson of the Blazer showed appellant's consciousness of guilt and was necessary to explain why evidence of the charged offense, which a jury would normally anticipate seeing ( e.g., the bullet holes in the windshield and blood from appellant's gunshot wounds), was not produced at trial. Thus, the aggravated robbery in which appellant obtained the Blazer and the subsequent arson of the Blazer involved facts essential to an understanding of the context and circumstances of events surrounding the charged offense. We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence regarding the aggravated robbery of Doku under Rules of Evidence 402 or 404(b). Nor did the trial court abuse its discretion under these rules in admitting evidence regarding the arson of the Blazer subsequent to the charged offense. The evidence concerning the Blazer constituted same transaction contextual evidence indivisibly connected to the charged offenses and therefore, was relevant under both 402 and 404(b). See Tex. R. Evid. 402, 404(b). B. Appellant's Rule 403 Complaint In regard to appellant's Rule 403 complaint, we must consider whether the unfair prejudicial effect of the extraneous offense evidence substantially outweighed its probative value. In doing so, we give great deference to the trial court's determination of admissibility. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391-92 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990). The prejudicial nature of the same transaction contextual evidence rarely renders such evidence inadmissable, as long as it sets the stage for the jury's comprehension of the whole criminal transaction. Houston v. State, 832 S.W.2d 180, 183 (Tex. App.-Waco 1992, pet. dism'd). For the reasons discussed above, the evidence of the theft and subsequent arson of the Chevy Blazer — although prejudicial — was highly probative to the issue of appellant's guilt because the deadly weapon necessary to prove the aggravated robbery was the same vehicle as in the extraneous offenses. Without the ability to introduce evidence as to the extraneous offenses, the State could not show how appellant acquired the deadly weapon or why appellant no longer possessed it. Given the probative value of the evidence, we hold that the evidence of the aggravated robbery in which appellant obtained the Blazer and the subsequent arson of the Blazer was not so unfairly prejudicial as to substantially outweigh its probative value. We overrule appellant's first six points of error.The Collins Testimony
In his seventh point of error, appellant contends the trial court erred during the punishment phase of his trial by allowing complainant's wife, Denise Collins, to testify that she was a state district court judge. Appellant argues that this testimony was more prejudicial than probative in violation of Rule of Evidence 403. Generally, an inquiry into a witness's occupation is probative enough of credibility to be admissible. Cravens v. State, 687 S.W.2d 748, 750 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985). This admissibility is predicated on the principle that "the history, occupation, etc. of a witness are always legitimate subjects of investigation." Yeager v. State, 256 S.W. 914, 915 (Tex.Crim.App. 1923). Appellant cites no authority indicating that the occupation in question ( i.e., state district court judge) is of such a nature that its revelation might engender such prejudice as to except it from the general rule that a witness's occupation is admissible; nor do we find any. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing complainant's wife to testify that she was a state district court judge. We overrule appellant's seventh point of error.The Juvenile Offenses
In his eighth point of error, appellant contends the trial court erred during the punishment phase of his trial by admitting evidence concerning appellant's juvenile adjudications for robbery, evading arrest, and probation violation. Specifically, appellant contends the State failed to give him proper notice that it intended to introduce evidence of the offenses during the punishment proceedings in violation of Code of Criminal Procedure article 37.07 subsection 3(g) and Rule of Evidence 404(b). After a finding of guilty, evidence may be offered by the State as to any matter the court deems relevant to sentencing, including but not limited to the prior criminal acts of the defendant, not withstanding Rules of Evidence 404 and 405. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.07 § 3(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2004). However, if the State intends to introduce evidence of extraneous crimes that have not resulted in a final conviction in a court of record or a probated or suspended sentence, then notice must be given to the defendant of such intent. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.07 § 3(g) (Vernon Supp. 2004). Appellant does not direct this Court to any portion of the record indicating that the State introduced extraneous-offense evidence of a juvenile adjudication for robbery. Upon our own inspection of the record, we find none. Moreover, although the record indicates that appellant was given deferred adjudication on his juvenile charge of evading arrest, it also indicates that he violated the terms of his probation, resulting in an adjudication of guilt. The State did not introduce evidence as to the specific allegations surrounding the probation violation. Instead, the evidence was limited to the existence of the probation violation and its consequence ( viz., the final adjudication of the evading arrest charge). We hold that appellant has failed to show that the State introduced evidence of a juvenile adjudication for robbery. We further hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of appellant's juvenile adjudication for evading arrest and the existence of the probation violation that resulted in said adjudication. We overrule appellant's eighth point of error.The Jackson Offenses
In his ninth point of error, appellant contends the trial court erred during the punishment phase of his trial by admitting the testimony of Charlene Jackson concerning allegations that appellant sexually assaulted, kidnapped, and robbed Jackson approximately three years prior to the charged offense. Specifically, appellant contends that the State failed to give him proper notice that it intended to introduce evidence of the offenses during the punishment proceedings in violation of Code of Criminal Procedure article 37.07 subsection 3(g) and Rule of Evidence 404(b). The record indicates that Jackson was called as a rebuttal witness and did not testify during the State's case-in-chief. The State was not required under either Code of Criminal Procedure article 37.07, subsection 3(g) or Rule of Evidence 404(b) to provide appellant notice of its intent to introduce extraneous offense evidence as rebuttal evidence. See Jaubert v. State, 74 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002). We hold that the trial court did not err in admitting the testimony of Charlene Jackson under Code of Criminal Procedure article 37.07, subsection 3(g) and Rule of Evidence 404(b). Appellant's ninth point of error is overruled. In his tenth point of error, appellant contends the trial court erred by admitting the testimony of Charlene Jackson because admission of such evidence violated the double jeopardy clause of the United States Constitution and Texas Constitution. Specifically, appellant argues that, although he stood trial as an adult for the sexual assault, kidnapping, and robbery of Jackson, he was only convicted of misdemeanor assault. Thus, the State was collaterally estopped from attempting to relitigate the fact issues regarding the sexual assault, kidnapping, and robbery of Jackson. Collateral estoppel refers to the principle that, when an issue of ultimate fact has once been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future action. Ex parte Mathes, 830 S.W.2d 596, 598 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992) (quoting Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 443, 90 S.Ct. 1189, 1194 (1970)). The doctrine of collateral estoppel is applicable to the punishment phase in a criminal prosecution. Id. Thus, once a jury determines an issue of ultimate fact in favor of a criminal defendant, the State cannot contest the jury's finding or attempt to relitigate the issue in the punishment phase of a subsequent criminal prosecution. See Ex parte Watkins, 73 S.W.3d 264, 268 (Tex.Crim. App. 2002). In applying this doctrine, we must determine whether the fact issue in question was necessarily decided in favor of the defendant in the first trial. Id. The mere possibility that a fact may have been determined in a former trial is insufficient to bar re-litigation of that same fact in a second trial. Id. The Court of Criminal Appeals has opined,In each case, courts must review the entire trial record, as well as the pleadings, the charge, and the arguments of the attorneys, to determine `with realism and rationality' precisely which facts the jury necessarily decided and whether the scope of its findings regarding specific historical facts bars relitigation of those same facts in a second criminal trial.Id. (emphasis in original). Thus, the record must affirmatively indicate that the complained-of fact issue was decided in the previous proceeding. See id. In the instant case, the only indication that appellant had been charged with and acquitted of the offenses to which Jackson testified was Jackson's testimony, itself. Jackson merely testified that appellant had been charged with sexual assault, kidnapping, and robbery but had only been convicted of assault. The record before this Court does not contain the trial record from the prior proceedings, nor does it contain the pleadings, the charge, or the argument of the attorneys. Assertions in appellant's brief which are not supported by the record will not be accepted as fact. See Gelabert v. State, 712 S.W.2d 813, 816 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, pet. ref'd). Given the inadequacy of the record, we are unable to determine with realism and rationality precisely which facts the jury necessarily decided. We overrule appellant's tenth point of error. In his eleventh point of error, appellant contends the trial court erred by admitting the testimony of Charlene Jackson because such testimony was more prejudicial than probative under Rule of Evidence 403. To complain of error on appeal, a defendant must make a specific, timely objection during trial. Havard v. State, 800 S.W.2d 195, 211 (Tex.Crim.App. 1989). To preserve error, the specific objection must be pressed to the point of obtaining an adverse ruling, whether that is a ruling on the objection, a request for an instruction, or a request for a mistrial. Fuller v. State, 827 S.W.2d 919, 926 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992). A defendant may not, on appeal, argue a reason for error that was not urged at trial. Havard, 800 S.W.2d at 211. Nor may a defendant use a trial objection stating one legal basis to support a different legal theory on appeal. Martinez v. State, 867 S.W.2d 30, 35 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993). In the instant case, appellant failed to object to the testimony of Charlene Jackson on the basis that the evidence was more prejudicial than probative under Rule of Evidence 403. Thus, we hold that appellant has failed to preserve error as to his eleventh point of error and has therefore waived it. We overrule appellant's eleventh point of error.