Summary
In Laitinen v Saginaw, 213 Mich App 130, 131; 539 NW2d 515 (1995), the plaintiff had alleged reverse racial discrimination under the ELCRA and the state and federal constitutions, but his case was dismissed for lack of standing.
Summary of this case from Dunn v. Genesee Cnty. Rd. Comm'nOpinion
Docket No. 162290.
Submitted May 2, 1995, at Detroit.
Decided June 16, 1995; approved for publication August 29, 1995, at 9:30 A.M.
Professional Law Offices of Frank Forster (by Michael J. Forster), for the plaintiff.
Cummings, McClorey, Davis Acho, P.C. (by Marcia L. Howe), for the defendant.
Plaintiff appeals as of right an order dismissing this case alleging reverse discrimination in employment under the United States and Michigan Constitutions and the Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.2101 et seq.; MSA 3.548(101) et seq., for lack of standing. We reverse and remand.
In 1986, plaintiff applied for a job as a plant maintenance supervisor at one of defendant's wastewater treatment plants that was available because of a resignation. He was one of nine job candidates who successfully completed the initial screening and interview process, and he had received the second highest composite interview score in the group. The list of nine eligible candidates was next reviewed by defendant's affirmative action officer and defendant's public utility department head for their respective recommendations. The affirmative action officer recommended Patrick McGovern, who was the only black job candidate on the list. The department head recommended the job candidate with the highest composite interview score, Paul Rodenbeck, who is white, as is plaintiff. Alternatively, the department head recommended McGovern as his second choice. The ultimate hiring decision was made by the acting city manager. Consistent with the city's usual practice of appointing candidates who have been recommended, the acting city manager chose McGovern for the job.
Following a three-day evidentiary hearing regarding the lawfulness of the city's 1986 affirmative action plan, which plan had not been approved by the Civil Rights Commission, the trial court ultimately concluded that it was unnecessary to resolve that issue because plaintiff lacked standing to bring suit in any event. Specifically, the trial court reasoned that even if a minority candidate had not been selected for the job, the job would have been awarded to the highest scoring candidate, Paul Rodenbeck, not plaintiff; therefore, plaintiff has no standing "since he can demonstrate no injury to him traceable to the defendant even if that conduct was unlawful." We disagree.
A claim of unlawful discrimination may be based upon loss of equal employment opportunity as well as loss of employment. Here, for example, plaintiff might establish that he was personally deprived of equal employment opportunity to the extent that minority job candidates were accorded preferential treatment in the selection process by virtue of the affirmative action officer's recommendation authority. Proof that another job applicant, one that was more qualified than the plaintiff and also was discriminated against, would have been selected for the job but for the alleged discrimination merely provides a defense to certain types of remedies, such as job instatement or back pay. It does not necessarily establish a lack of standing or a lack of any right of recovery whatsoever, nor does it necessarily defeat plaintiff's ability to establish a prima facie case of discrimination. See, e.g., Morris v Rice, 985 F.2d 143, 144 (CA 4, 1993); Nanty v Barrows Co, 660 F.2d 1327, 1333-1334 (CA 9, 1981). If the job would have gone to Rodenbeck in any event, plaintiff's entitlement to economic damages would be adversely affected. However, plaintiff might still have a claim for noneconomic damages that he may have suffered, such as mental or emotional distress. Defendant's determination to offer the position to a less qualified candidate because of his race not only foreclosed plaintiff's opportunity to be considered for the available job opening, it also established a precedent that did not bode well for advancement in the future.
We also believe it was inappropriate for the trial court to determine that the undisputed facts establish that the job would have gone to Rodenbeck anyway, without first affording plaintiff a reasonable opportunity to present his views regarding that subject. We do not preclude the resolution of this issue by summary disposition on remand, upon a proper motion and hearing addressed to that matter, but simply note that the hearing that preceded the ruling at issue in this appeal was devoted to the question of the lawfulness of defendant's 1986 affirmative action plan, and thus did not provide plaintiff with an adequate opportunity to respond to the assertion that Paul Rodenbeck would have been hired for the job but for the alleged discrimination. We express no opinion regarding the lawfulness of defendant's 1986 affirmative action plan, because that matter has yet to be addressed by the trial court.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Jurisdiction is not retained.