Opinion
October 14, 1999
Sacks Sacks, New York City (Kenneth Sacks of counsel), for plaintiffs.
Brody, Fabiani Cohen, New York City (Stephen M. Cohen of counsel), for defendant.
OPINION OF THE COURT
The above-captioned actions have been consolidated for the purpose of conducting joint discovery in connection with a construction accident which occurred on September 29, 1997, during the structural rehabilitation of the outer roadways of the Queensborough Bridge. Each of the plaintiffs, who are represented by the same law firm, move for an order directing the entry of summary judgment in their favor and for an immediate assessment of damages as against the City of New York on the issue of liability pursuant to CPLR 3212 and Labor Law § 240 Lab. (1). The defendant City of New York crossmoves for summary judgment in its favor dismissing the complaints on the ground that the evidence adduced at the depositions and the 50-h hearings establish that there was no violation of the Labor Law § 240 Lab. as alleged by plaintiffs, and that the evidence fails to demonstrate that the City engaged in any conduct which was the proximate cause of plaintiffs' injuries. As to plaintiffs' causes of action alleged under Labor Law § 200 Lab. and § 241 Lab.(6), the City claims that all applicable sections of the Industrial Code were complied with, because, plaintiffs were all supplied with protective devices (body harnesses) which performed as intended. The City claims, further, that there was no violation of § 200 Lab., because it did not supervise or control the rehabilitation work.
Plaintiffs are ironworkers, injured when in the process of erecting or installing work platforms to the underside of the Queeensborough ("59th Street") Bridge, a section of the platform being installed and positioned for connection to the structural steel of the bridge, collapsed and buckled, causing plaintiffs to remain suspended in the air above the East River until rescued and lowered by a crane to safety. Five ironworkers, including the above-named plaintiffs were injured and a sixth worker was killed. It is undisputed that in August 1995, work began on the bridge pursuant to a written contract between the City of New York, as owner, and Grow-Perini, a joint venture. The injured plaintiffs were all employees of the joint venture and working under the direct supervision of Grow-Perini. While the City did employ engineering personnel, the extent of their involvement in the supervision or direction of any employees engaged in the actual work is not clear. According to the City's own account of the deposition testimony, the evidence establishes that plaintiffs, who had been instructed to install five platforms to the underside of the bridge on the day of the accident, were required as part of the procedure of installation, to step off from a stationary or (already fixed) platform onto the platform they were in the process of installing, in order to connect the steel straps of the platform to the trolley beam of the under structure of the bridge. Thus, defendant contends that "while the platform may arguably have become a safety device once installed, it was clearly not a safety device during the erection procedure. * * * [That] it was the platform installation which exposed the workers to the risks of gravity * * * [and] other protection was required" and provided, in the form of safety harnesses, lanyards and yo-yos, which prevented plaintiffs from plummeting to the water below after the platform being installed collapsed.
Labor Law § 240 Lab.(1), often called the "scaffold law" provides that "[a]ll contractors and owners * * * shall furnish or erect, or cause to be furnished or erected * * * scaffolding, hoists, stays, ladders, slings, hangers, blocks, pulleys, braces, irons, ropes, and other devices which shall be so constructed, placed and operated as to give proper protection to workers employed ( Ross v. Curtis-Palmer, 81 N.Y.2d 494, 499-500). The purpose of the statute is to protect workers and to impose the responsibility for safety practices on those best situated to bear that responsibility ( see, Zimmer v. Chemung County Performing Arts, 65 N.Y.2d 513, 520; 1969 N.Y.Legis.Ann. at 407). A violation of Labor Law § 240 Lab.(1) impose absolute liability on an owner or contractor who fails to furnish or erect proper safety devices and protections for any worker injured while performing an elevation-related task associated with the demolition, repairing, altering, painting, or cleaning of a building or structure ( see, Rocovich v. Consolidated Edison Co., 78 N.Y.2d 509, 512; Zimmer, supra, at 520 Haimes v. New York Tel. Co., 46 N.Y.2d 132, 136-137). Labor Law § 240 Lab. is designed to prevent the type of accident where the "protective devices proved inadequate to shield the worker from harm directly flowing from the application of the force of gravity to an object or a person" ( Ross v. Curtis-Palmer Hydro-Elec. Co., 81 N.Y.2d 494, 501). Moreover, [a] "breach of that statutory duty, which is to be broadly applied, results in the imposition of absolute liability, irrespective of any contributing negligence of the employee * * * [and] is not satisfied merely because a safety device of one sort or another was made available to the injured employee at the work site. "Proper protection" requires that the device must be appropriately placed or erected so that it would have safeguarded the employee, and that the furnished device itself must be adequate to protect against the hazards entailed in the performance of the particular task to which the employee was assigned. Put another way, the availability of a particular safety device will not shield an owner or general contractor from absolute liability if the device alone is not sufficient to provide safety without the use of additional precautionary devices or measures' ( Conway v. New York State Teachers' Retirement System, 141 A.D.2d 957, 958-959; see also Pritchard v. Murray Walter, Inc., 157 A.D.2d 1012, 1013).
In order to establish a prima facie cause of action entitling plaintiffs to summary judgment, the plaintiffs must prove that the statute was violated and that the violation was a proximate cause of the injury sustained ( Bland v. Manocherian, 66 N.Y.2d 452; Limauro v. City of New York Dept. of Environmental Protection, 202 A.D.2d 170). However, I find that in order for the statute to have a logical application, it must be viewed as contemplating injuries sustained as the result of the absence of or defect in a completed scaffold. See Pursley v. Edgemoor Bridge Works, 56 A.D. 719 (summary judgment granted in favor of a plaintiff whose decedent was killed in process of erecting scaffolding where no other safety device was provided). Because plaintiffs were in the process of installing the platforms it cannot be said that the platforms were a "furnished or erected" safety device provided by defendants for plaintiffs' protections while engaged in the actual work of installation ( cf. Drivas v. Breger, 244 A.D.2d 160), or that the platforms had been "appropriately placed or erected" so that they would safeguard the workers ( Conway v. New York Teachers' Retirement System, supra, at 958). Here, the platform was inadequate in and of itself to protect the workers against the hazards encountered while installing that same platform; and, in fact, the platform did buckle and collapse. That is why plaintiffs were provided with other safety devices, in the form of body harnesses, in order to satisfy defendants duty within the meaning of Labor Law 240 Lab.(1). While the activity of installing the platform by connecting the modules to the bridge's understructure is protected under the scaffold law as work "necessary and incidental" to the rehabilitation project ( Curley v. Gateway, 250 A.D.2d 888, 890, 672 N.Y.S.2d 523), which activity exposed these plaintiffs to the extraordinary elevation risk of falling from a point of elevation approximately 132 feet above the river, the safety equipment provided and actually used by plaintiffs worked as intended and prevented them from free-falling. It is noted that even the fatality which occurred was not the result of a fall, but rather, was caused by crushing injuries. This is not to minimize the horrific experience plaintiffs endured as they hung suspended above the East River for almost an hour. Nevertheless, it is a fact that plaintiffs were spared almost certain death by the use of the body harnesses provided. As such, I find, as a matter of law, that defendants satisfied their duty within the meaning of Labor Law § 240 Lab. (1), by providing plaintiffs with safety devices adequate for their protection during the work assigned ( Pritchard v. Murray Walter, Inc., supra, 1013; see also, Ross v. Curtis-Palmer, supra, at 501). Accordingly, so much of the complaints as asserts a cause of action under Labor Law § 240 Lab. is dismissed.
As to those allegations of plaintiffs' complaints which assert claims under Labor Law §§ 200 Lab. and 241 Lab.(6), defendant City's cross-motion for summary judgment dismissing said claims is denied. There are contradictory assertions regarding the degree of involvement of the City over the work site, as well as, the degree to which its personnel may have exercised supervision over the project, that make summary judgment treatment inappropriate. While plaintiffs need not show that defendants exercised supervision or control over the job site in order to establish their claim under Labor Law § 241 Lab.(6), to recover under Section 200, however, such control and supervision must be established ( see, Lombardi v. Stout, 80 N.Y.2d 290, 295). In addition, plaintiffs' verified bill of particular, dated March 28, 1998, contains sufficient allegations regarding defendants' failure to comply with specific sections of the rules and regulations promulgated by the Commissioner of the Department of Labor, the Industrial Code and of O.S.H.A., to create triable issues sufficient to withstand the cross-motion for summary judgment.
Accordingly, plaintiffs' motion is denied and the cross-motion is granted only to the extent of dismissing so much of the complaints as allege a claim under Labor Law § 240 Lab.(1). The actions shall continue as to the remaining claims.