Opinion
Docket No. 75690.
Decided March 8, 1985.
Otto Otto (by Warren G. Otto), for plaintiff.
Zimostrad Zimostrad, P.C. (by Eric W. Zimostrad), for defendants.
Plaintiff brought this action pursuant to MCL 500.3135; MSA 24.13135 to recover damages for noneconomic losses caused by serious impairments of body function or permanent serious disfigurements resulting from an automobile accident. After a jury trial, a verdict for defendants was returned and plaintiff's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict was denied. Plaintiff appeals as of right.
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by declining to hold that his injuries constituted serious impairments of body function and permanent serious disfigurements as a matter of law. In Cassidy v McGovern, 415 Mich. 483, 502; 330 N.W.2d 22 (1982), the Court held that, at least where there is no material factual dispute as to the nature and extent of the plaintiff's injuries, the threshold question of the existence of a serious impairment of body function is a question of statutory construction to be resolved by the court as a matter of law. We infer that a threshold question as to the existence of permanent serious disfigurement is to be resolved similarly. Submission of these questions to the jury here presents no error of which plaintiff can complain unless the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to defendant, showed that the plaintiff's injuries constituted serious impairments of body function or permanent serious disfigurements as a matter of law. Compare Argenta v Shahan, 135 Mich. App. 477; 354 N.W.2d 796 (1984).
Court of Appeals decisions since Cassidy have elaborated on the principles developed in Cassidy for determining the existence of a serious impairment of body function. The definition of serious impairment of body function must be developed on a case-by-case basis. Williams v Payne, 131 Mich. App. 403; 346 N.W.2d 564 (1984); Burk v Warren (After Remand), 137 Mich. App. 715; 359 N.W.2d 541 (1984); Wolkow v Eubank, 139 Mich. App. 1; 360 N.W.2d 320 (1984), see also Cassidy, supra, 415 Mich. 503. Three basic requirements, however, must be met before an injury can be said to constitute a serious impairment of body function: (1) the injury must be objectively manifested, (2) an important body function must be impaired by the injury, and (3) the impairment of that body function must be serious. LaHousse v Hess, 125 Mich. App. 14; 336 N.W.2d 219 (1983); Williams v Payne, supra; Braden v Lee, 133 Mich. App. 215; 348 N.W.2d 63 (1984); Argenta v Shahan, supra; Guerrero v Schoolmeester, 135 Mich. App. 742; 356 N.W.2d 251 (1984); Burk v Warren, supra; Flemings v Jenkins, 138 Mich. App. 788; 360 N.W.2d 298 (1984); Wolkow v Eubank, supra, see also Cassidy, supra, 415 Mich. 504-506.
Medically unsubstantiated pain is not an objectively manifested injury. Williams v Payne, supra. The requisite degree of seriousness must be determined in light of the alternate threshold requirements for tort recovery established by MCL 500.3135; MSA 24.13135, death and permanent serious disfigurement. Braden v Lee, supra, see also Cassidy, supra, 415 Mich. 503. Also to be considered in determining the requisite degree of seriousness are the Legislature's reasons for limiting tort recovery in motor vehicle accident cases, including avoidance of overcompensation for minor injuries and reduction of litigation. Braden v Lee, supra, see also Cassidy, supra, 415 Mich. 500. An impairment of body function need not be permanent to be serious, but permanence is nevertheless a relevant consideration. Guerrero v Schoolmeester, supra, see also Cassidy, supra, 415 Mich. 505-506. An injury must significantly affect the plaintiff's ability to live a normal life in order to constitute a serious impairment of body function. McDonald v Oberlin, 127 Mich. App. 73; 338 N.W.2d 725 (1983); Braden v Lee, supra; Jakubiec v Kumbier, 134 Mich. App. 773; 351 N.W.2d 865 (1984); Guerrero v Schoolmeester, supra; Flemings v Jenkins, supra, see also Cassidy, supra, 415 Mich. 505.
Here, plaintiff sustained lacerations on his hands and his right leg. According to plaintiff, the laceration on his right hand required 12 stitches to close while that on his left hand required none. Plaintiff's leg injury required more than five stitches, and two plastic drains were inserted in plaintiff's leg for about 3-1/2 weeks. Plaintiff required the assistance of a cane to walk for about 1-1/2 months after the accident, and a witness for plaintiff testified that plaintiff still walked with a noticeable limp and still used a cane occasionally a year after the accident. According to plaintiff, at the time of trial, about 4-1/2 years after the accident, the leg injury impaired, but did not prevent, jogging, golfing and skiing.
Plaintiff, a college student at the time of the accident, missed two weeks of school but completed the term and started the next term on time. Plaintiff claimed that the injury to his right hand had changed his handwriting, but plaintiff did not point to any particular interference from this injury with his ability to perform his job with computers. Plaintiff's medical expert testified that the injury to the right hand might interfere with the performance of delicate work like fly-tying.
According to plaintiff's medical expert, the lacerations on plaintiff's right hand and right leg caused some apparently permanent nerve damage. The expert explained that the damage affected plaintiff's sensory rather than motor functions. The expert identified an area of numbness and occasional discomfort on the outer side of plaintiff's right thumb and another such area, about six inches by two inches, on plaintiff's right leg.
Viewed in the light most favorable to defendant, this evidence cannot be said to show that plaintiff's injuries constituted serious impairments of body function as a matter of law. An objectively manifested permanent impairment of an important body function, the sense of touch, was shown. However, the evidence of the impact of this impairment on plaintiff's ability to live a normal life was insufficient, when considered in light of the other threshold requirements for tort recovery and the Legislature's reasons for limiting tort recovery, to warrant a conclusion that this impairment must be characterized as serious as a matter of law.
Objectively manifested impairments of motor functions involving the use of the hands or the right leg were also shown, although most of the impairment of plaintiff's leg motor functions was temporary. Again, the evidence of the impact of these impairments on plaintiff's ability to live a normal life was insufficient to warrant a conclusion that these impairments must be characterized as serious as a matter of law.
Plaintiff also complained of recurring headaches, lower backaches and a stiff neck. Plaintiff produced no medical testimony to explain the possible causes of such aches and pains and, as Williams v Payne, supra, shows, such medically unsubstantiated pain cannot be considered an objectively manifested injury.
Whether an injury amounts to a permanent serious disfigurement depends on its physical characteristics rather than its effect on the plaintiff's ability to live a normal life. Williams v Payne, supra, 131 Mich. App. 411. Here, plaintiff sustained scars on both his hands and on his right leg. Because evidence, including plaintiff's own testimony, suggests that medical treatment could reduce the extent of scarring, plaintiff's scars cannot be said to be permanent as a matter of law. Compare Jakubiec v Kumbier, supra, 134 Mich. App. 777. Moreover, the photographic evidence in the record demonstrates that plaintiff's scars cannot be characterized as serious disfigurements.
Affirmed.