Opinion
2d Civil No. B194512
3-22-2007
LAURA KNIGHT et al., Plaintiffs and Respondents, v. PERRY FERGUSON et al., Defendants and Appellants.
Richard I. Wideman for Defendants and Appellants Perry and Paula Ferguson. Hathaway, Perrett, Webster, Powers, Chrisman & Gutierrez and Alejandro P. Gutierrez, Rincon Venture Law and K. Andrew Kent for Plaintiffs and Respondents.
Plaintiff moves to recuse defendants lawyer in a lawsuit over a partnership and lease agreement. Prior to the lawsuit, the attorney briefly represented plaintiff concerning the possible formation of a partnership and lease agreement with another party involving the same business that is the subject matter of the lawsuit. Plaintiff knew that the attorney had represented the defendants in other matters. Defendants were present at the meetings between plaintiff and the attorney, and privy to all their discussions.
Did the trial court properly disqualify the attorney? Yes. Defendants presence at meetings between plaintiff and the attorney does not sufficiently attenuate the attorneys conflict. To separate the conflict from the two sets of clients is to separate the silk from the thread. It cannot be done.
Defendants Perry Ferguson and Paula Ferguson appeal an order granting plaintiffs Laura Knights motion to disqualify the Fergusons attorney, Richard Wideman. Knight had consulted previously with Wideman about forming a partnership and entering into a commercial lease to establish a new restaurant. The dispute between Knight and the Fergusons concerns that business venture. There is a substantial relationship between Widemans representation of the Fergusons in this case and his prior consultations with Knight. We affirm.
FACTS
Knight owned the Pascucci restaurant in Santa Barbara. In 2004, she decided to open a branch of that restaurant in Goleta at the Camino Real Marketplace (CRM). She found a partner, Steven Sponder, who agreed to assist her with the financing. They negotiated with Chevys, a business in bankruptcy, to "become the assignee of the Chevys ground lease" at the CRM.
In December of 2004, Knight met with Wideman to discuss the lease and her partnership arrangement for the new restaurant, Pascucci at the Camino Real Marketplace (Pascucci CRM), a California corporation. Wideman, who was also the attorney for the Fergusons, Knights sister and brother-in-law, billed Knight for his consultations.
Knight did not form a partnership with Sponder. She asked the Fergusons "to take [his] place and participate in the ownership and the management" of Pascucci CRM. They agreed to participate and finance the venture.
In 2005, Knight sued the Fergusons for breach of contract and sought dissolution of Pascucci CRM. She alleged that the Fergusons breached their duties as corporate directors and improperly "removed [her] from her duty of managing and overseeing [the] overall operation of the [r]estaurant."
The Fergusons filed a cross-complaint against Knight, stating causes of action for fraud, breach of contract, and breach of fiduciary duties. They alleged that: 1) Knight had not managed the restaurant properly and tried to undermine their control; 2) Knight promised to run Pascucci CRM as a corporation, but secretly intended to operate it "as a sole proprietorship"; 3) they assumed Sponders partnership role after his and Knights partnership arrangement "fell apart" in 2004; and 4) they relied to their detriment on Knights promises and incurred liabilities when they became the "assignee of the ground lease."
Initially, the Fergusons were represented by the law firm of Cappello and Noël. But they changed counsel, and Wideman substituted into the action to represent them.
Motion to Disqualify Wideman
Knight moved to disqualify Wideman from representing the Fergusons. In her declaration, she said she told Wideman of her "feelings [about] litigation and [her] position . . . relating to the [CRM] lease . . . ." She also discussed her relationship with Sponder and her plans to "purchase" the CRM "ground lease."
Wideman declared that he did not obtain confidential information from Knight. He met with Knight and her attorney, Eric Burkhardt, at the request of the Fergusons, who were also present. Wideman said, "I told Ms. Knight that I was `the Fergusons attorney and they had asked me to help her, and that I would expect [Knight] to pay me and she agreed." He said Knight discussed with him "potential litigation" involving Sponder, who "had attempted to change the terms" of a partnership agreement for the purchase of Chevys in the Camino Real Marketplace. Knight "was concerned about litigation against her should she go forward with the deal by herself." Wideman advised Knight to send a "`put-up-or-go-away" letter to Sponder and suggested a possible "`preemptive" lawsuit.
At the disqualification hearing, Knight testified that she had three meetings with Wideman. She expected there would be litigation and that he would be her "litigation counsel." Burkhardt testified that he met with Knight and Wideman. At the hearing, Wideman asked Burkhardt, "Do you remember that at that meeting at least you knew that I was advising Mr. and Mrs. Ferguson at that time?" Burkhardt responded, "My understanding at that time is that you were both representing Mr. and Mrs. Ferguson and representing Ms. Knight in, at least, certain regards." Wideman asked, "My question was only, you knew I was representing Mr. and Mrs. Ferguson." Burkhardt responded, "I did understand that you had in the past represented Mr. and Mrs. Ferguson."
The trial court found that "Widemans role as litigation counsel was brief, but was not peripheral. The nature of the former representation . . . was such that confidential material to the current dispute would normally have been imparted to the attorney."
DISCUSSION
I. Substantial Relationship Test
"A motion to disqualify counsel brings the clients right to the attorney of his or her choice into conflict with the need to maintain ethical standards of professional responsibility. [Citations.] The paramount concern is the preservation of public trust in the scrupulous administration of justice and the integrity of the bar. [Citations.]" (Jessen v. Hartford Cas. Ins. Co. (2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 698, 705 (Jessen).)
"Where an attorney successively represents clients with adverse interests, and where the subjects of the two representations are substantially related, . . . the attorney [must] be disqualified from the second representation. [Citation.]" (People ex. rel. Dept. of Corporations v. Speedee Oil Change Systems, Inc. (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1135, 1146 (Speedee Oil Change Systems).) "[T]he substantial relationship test is `intended to protect the confidences of former clients when an attorney has been in a position to learn them." (H.F. Ahmanson & Co. v. Salomon Brothers, Inc. (1991) 229 Cal.App.3d 1445, 1455 (H.F. Ahmanson & Co.).)
The "court should `focus on the similarities between the two factual situations, the legal questions posed, and the nature and extent of the attorneys involvement with the cases. " (H.F. Ahmanson & Co., supra, 229 Cal.App.3d at p. 1455.) It should consider "`. . . the attorneys possible exposure to formulation of policy or strategy. [Citation.]" (Ibid.) Where there is a substantial relationship, it is presumed the attorney had access to confidential information. (Speedee Oil Change Systems, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 1146.) "The trial courts decision on disqualification will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. [Citations.]" (Elliott v. McFarland Unified School Dist. (1985) 165 Cal.App.3d 562, 567.)
The Fergusons contend there was no substantial relationship between Widemans representation of Knight and the current case which concerns different issues. The legal theories and issues that an attorney discusses with a former client may be different than those involved in the subsequent lawsuit against that client. But the substantial relationship test is broad and not limited to the "strict facts, claims, and issues involved in a particular action." (Jessen, supra, 111 Cal.App.4th at p. 711.) "[A] `substantial relationship exists whenever the `subjects of the prior and the current representations are linked in some rational manner. [Citation.]" (Ibid.) That is the case here. Knight retained Wideman to discuss a lease and partnership relating to the creation of the restaurant which is the subject of this action.
The Fergusons claim that Widemans consultations with Knight were remote and peripheral. We disagree. They occurred at a critical stage, when Knight was creating the business entity which is at the heart of this action. In their cross-complaint, the Fergusons alleged facts that occurred when Wideman was consulting with her. Her discussions with Wideman about her partnership relationship with Sponder are linked to issues in this action. The Fergusons ultimately assumed Sponders partnership role. The trial court could reasonably infer that those discussions and Widemans advice influenced Knights decision to end her relationship with Sponder and bring in new partners, the Fergusons. Knights ability to work with the Fergusons is an issue. Evidence about her ability to work with Sponder might show a pattern or practice of Knights inability to work with partners, which could be used to the Fergusons advantage. In their cross-complaint, the Fergusons allege that Knights partnership deal with Sponder "fell apart." But Wideman was representing Knight at that time and his advice to Knight may have induced the dissolution of that potential partnership.
The Fergusons claim that Knight did not prove that Wideman obtained confidential information. The "aggrieved client" need only satisfy a "low threshold of proof" and does not have to prove the attorney actually received confidential information. (Jessen, supra, 111 Cal.App.4th at pp. 706, 707.) Where a substantial relationship is shown between the prior representation and the present case, 1) it is presumed the attorney received confidential information (Speedee Oil Change Systems, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 1146), and 2) the attorneys disqualification "is mandatory." (Flatt v. Superior Court (1994) 9 Cal.4th 275, 283.)
Knight said that Wideman "obtained confidential information concerning [her] and [her] restaurant, Pascucci, that is relevant to the subject matter of this action, including [her] feelings related to litigation and [her] position and feelings relating to the lease at the Goleta location." The Fergusons claim she was not credible and the evidence supports a different result. But we do not weigh the evidence or resolve evidentiary conflicts. (Eidsmore v. RBB, Inc. (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 189, 195.) We presume that the trial court resolved any credibility dispute in favor of Knight. (Ibid.) Moreover, the evidence supports the finding that Wideman was in a position to learn Knights confidences during his consultations with her. (H.F. Ahmanson & Co., supra, 229 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1455, 1457.)
Knight notes that the trial court found and Burkhardt testified that Wideman was representing both the Fergusons and Knight. The Fergusons claim that a reasonable inference from Burkhardts testimony is that Wideman at that time was representing the Fergusons on different matters. In her declaration, Knight stated that before the meeting with Wideman, the Fergusons "offered to invest a certain sum towards the purchase of the Chevys ground lease and building." Knight said they were to be the "new team" to take over from Sponder. From this, the trial court could reasonably infer that the Fergusons went to the meetings with Wideman for assistance in clearing the legal obstacles to creating a new partnership with Knight. But even if this were not the case, Widemans attorney-client relationship with Knight dictates the same result.
The Fergusons were always present during Knights consultations with Wideman. They argue that Knights discussions with Wideman were therefore neither privileged nor confidential. At oral argument, Wideman claimed that because those discussions were not confidential, his representing the Fergusons cannot prejudice Knight. Wideman sells himself short. He is a lawyer with wide litigation experience. He was aware of Knights business concerns and aspirations. However good his intentions, he cannot help but use his expertise to exploit those concerns. The Fergusons presence at the meetings is beside the point.
Where an attorney acquires knowledge about the former clients "attitudes," practices, business customs, "litigation philosophy," strengths, weaknesses or strategy, disqualification may be required for that reason alone. (Jessen, supra, 111 Cal.App.4th at p. 712.) Moreover, in addition to the meetings he had with Knight, Wideman also communicated with Burkhardt to develop a strategy which anticipated future litigation and led to the removal of Sponder as a partner. This, in turn, set the framework for the Fergusons to take over his partnership interest. Wideman also advised Burkhardt how to deal with Chevys, which facilitated the legal groundwork for Knight and the Fergusons to later assume the Chevys lease.
Moreover, even if the attorney-client evidentiary privilege does not apply, the result does not change. (Western Continental Operating Co. v. Natural Gas Corp. (1989) 212 Cal.App.3d 752, 761 (Western Continental Operating Co.).) "[T]he pertinent issue is the propriety of an attorneys representation adverse to a former client. Our courts have distinguished the rule against representing conflicting interests from the attorney-client evidentiary privilege noting that the former is broader than the latter." (Id. at pp. 761-762.) Thus, even where the issue of disclosure of privileged information is absent, an attorney is properly disqualified for violating the separate and independent "`. . . duty not to represent conflicting interests . . . ." (Id. at p. 762.) A lawyer has a duty not to "`do anything which will injuriously affect his former client." (People ex. rel. Deukmejian v. Brown (1981) 29 Cal.3d 150, 156.) "Where the lawyer switches sides and represents the former clients adversary in the same matter, everything the lawyer does for the new client necessarily will injuriously affect the former client." (City Nat. Bank v. Adams (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 315, 329.)
Knight testified that she believed that Wideman was her "litigation counsel." She had the right to "repose confidence" in him and to expect that his loyalty to her would not be compromised. (Western Continental Operating Co. 212 Cal.App.3d at pp. 761-762.) "[T]he law regards the shifting of loyalty and allegiance from one of two adverse interests to the other as impossible, and will have none of it." (Dettamanti v. Lompoc Union School Dist. of Santa Barbara County (1956) 143 Cal.App.2d 715, 723.)
A "distinct fundamental value of our legal system is the attorneys obligation of loyalty." (Speedee Oil Change Systems, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 1146.) The disqualification rule is "to keep honest attorneys from having to choose between conflicting duties, or being tempted to reconcile conflicting interests, rather than fully pursuing their clients rights. [Citation.] The loyalty the attorney owes one client cannot be allowed to compromise the duty owed another. [Citation.]" (Id. at p. 1147.) The trial courts ruling ends this ethical dilemma and protects Knights interests as a former client. (Ibid.) The Fergusons interest in maintaining their current counsel "must yield to ethical considerations that affect the fundamental principles of our judicial process. [Citations.]" (Id. at p. 1145.) Our decision relieves Wideman from the impossible burden of partitioning loyalty to his clients.
We have reviewed the Fergusons remaining contentions and conclude that they have not shown reversible error.
The order is affirmed. Costs are awarded to respondents on appeal.
We Concur:
COFFEE, J.
PERREN, J.