Opinion
Docket Nos. 21693, 21694.
Decided November 27, 1978.
Zeff Zeff (by Gary C. Berger) (Edward Grebs, of counsel), for plaintiffs.
Butzel, Long, Gust, Klein Van Zile (by John H. Dudley, Jr.), for defendant.
ON REMAND
We agree with Judge SIMON's disposition of the case as to Mr. Kailimai. The fact that he did not produce documentation for his estimates concerning the value of the truck, lost wages, and lost investment goes to the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility. Since the testimony was properly admitted, there was no legally recognized reason given by the trial court for overturning the jury verdict and granting a new trial. Kailimai v The Firestone Tire Rubber Co, 398 Mich. 230; 247 N.W.2d 295 (1976). The new trial order for Mr. Kailimai's claim was improper and the jury verdict must be reinstated.
Because we have concluded that the evidence was properly admitted, we have no need to address the directed verdict issue raised in the dissenting and concurring opinion.
We disagree with Judge SIMON, however, on his disposition of Mrs. Kailimai's loss of consortium claim. Loss of consortium includes "loss of society, companionship, service, and all other incidents of the marriage relationship". Washington v Jones, 386 Mich. 466, 472; 192 N.W.2d 234 (1972).
Mrs. Kailimai testified that her husband was confined to the hospital for two weeks after the accident. She further testified that for several months after arriving home, her husband could no longer sleep in bed but had to sleep in a reclining chair because of the pain. Neither she nor the children could touch him or get near him. Furthermore, he was unable to do any work around the house or take care of the children.
This testimony clearly shows that after the accident Mrs. Kailimai was deprived of the companionship and services of her husband which she had previously enjoyed. Since she had established a claim for loss of consortium, the amount of damages suffered is a fact question to be determined by the jury and will not be set aside unless it is so excessive as to shock the judicial conscience. See Pippen v Denison Division of Abex Corp, 66 Mich. App. 664; 239 N.W.2d 704 (1976), lv den, 399 Mich. 823 (1977). Since our review of the record demonstrates that the award was "`within the limits of what reasonable minds might deem just compensation'", the trial court abused its discretion in ordering a remittitur.
Stevens v Edward C Levy Co, 376 Mich. 1, 5; 135 N.W.2d 414 (1965), quoting 6 Callaghan's Michigan Pleading Practice (2d ed), § 41.13, p 378.
The trial court's judgment is reversed and the jury verdict is reinstated. Costs to plaintiffs.
BASHARA, P.J., concurred.
Plaintiffs appeal from an interlocutory order of the Wayne County Circuit Court granting defendant's motion for a new trial as to Mr. Kailimai, and as to Mrs. Kailimai unless she accepted a remittitur of all her judgment in excess of $1,000. The jury in this products liability action had awarded Mr. Kailimai $48,000 on his claim for personal and consequential injuries and Mrs. Kailimai $12,000 for loss of consortium. Defendant's motion was brought pursuant to GCR 1963, 527.1(4) and 527.1(7).
Plaintiff Mr. Kailimai had been the operator of a service station located in Dearborn Heights, which he had leased from the Mobil Oil Company since 1965. During that year he purchased a heavy-duty Dodge truck to use for towing in connection with his business. The truck was built to his specifications, including a set of 9.00-16 tube-type Firestone tires, and delivered in December.
Upon receipt of the truck and discovery that the tires were out of round, Mr. Kailimai complained to both the truck dealer and the tire manufacturer, defendant Firestone Tire Rubber Company. Defendant agreed to replace the tires. However, because all available tires were being diverted to use by the armed forces, Mr. Kailimai's were not replaced until August 25, 1966. During the interim Mr. Kailimai was able to conduct his towing operations with the original tires.
The day after replacement, August 26, 1966, Mr. Kailimai was involved in an accident while towing a customer's car west on I-96 near Howell. The truck's right rear tire allegedly suffered a blowout, caused the truck to roll over, and thereby injured Mr. Kailimai. Following the accident he was no longer able to operate his business, and Mobil closed the station.
On August 7, 1969, plaintiffs' actions were brought alleging that defendant was negligent in its design of, and breached its warranty with regard to, the replacement tire. The cause was tried in the Wayne County Circuit Court and resulted in the aforementioned jury awards.
Defendant moved for a new trial on the grounds that both awards were excessive, GCR 1963, 527.1(4), and that error was committed when, over its objection, Mr. Kailimai was allowed to testify as to the value of his lost truck and the amount of his earnings prior to the accident, and, even absent objection, the amount of his investment in the business, GCR 1963, 527.1(7). Since defendant's motion arguably related to damages only, plaintiffs requested that any new trial, if granted, be limited to the issue of damages. Upon consideration of these arguments, the trial court set aside the jury's verdict and granted a complete new trial as to both plaintiffs, although as to Mrs. Kailimai such was conditioned upon her refusal to accept the remittitur. This decision forms the basis of plaintiffs' appeal.
In an order dated March 17, 1975, this Court, under GCR 1963, 806.7, peremptorily remanded to the circuit court for a partial new trial as to both plaintiffs "limited to damages only". However, such order was made without the benefit of the lower court record which had been twice requested but never received. Therefore, the Supreme Court reversed and remanded the case here as if on leave granted. Kailimai v The Firestone Tire Rubber Co, 398 Mich. 230; 247 N.W.2d 295 (1976).
In deciding whether an order granting a new trial should be upheld on appeal this Court must determine whether the reasons assigned by the trial judge are legally recognized and supported by a reasonable interpretation of the record. Kailimai v The Firestone Tire Rubber Co, 398 Mich. 230; 247 N.W.2d 295 (1976). Here, the trial judge assigned basically three grounds for her ruling, none of which withstands careful scrutiny.
First, the trial judge assigned error to the introduction of evidence with regard to damages that had not been included in the pretrial statement. However, while the pretrial statement is designed to control the course of the proceedings, plaintiffs did not offer proof of any damage that was not claimed in their original complaint and, unless expressly waived at the pretrial conference, their right to present competent proof in support of these issues cannot be denied. GCR 1963, 301.3. Butler v Raupp, 65 Mich. App. 20; 236 N.W.2d 748 (1975). Since there is nothing to indicate that plaintiffs had expressly waived these issues, the admission of evidence in support of them cannot be considered grounds for a new trial. In fact, it would have been error to rule otherwise.
Second, the trial judge attributed error to the admission of Mr. Kailimai's testimony with regard to the value of his truck, the amount of his earnings prior to the accident, and the sum of his investment in the service station. However, none of this proffered testimony was improper.
In nearly all jurisdictions, including Michigan, the owner of a chattel is competent to testify as to its value. Kavanagh v St Paul Fire Marine Ins Co, 244 Mich. 391; 221 N.W. 119 (1928); Duma v Janni, 26 Mich. App. 445; 182 N.W.2d 596 (1970). See Anno: Admissibility of opinion of nonexpert owner as to value of chattel, 37 ALR2d 967. And, this is especially true where, as here, the owner is engaged in the business which makes use of such chattel. Mason v Partrick, 100 Mich. 577; 59 N.W. 239 (1894). Indeed, Mr. Kailimai was an experienced mechanic and, as was pointed out by the trial judge, arguably qualified as an expert in the area. While his testimony may have been self-serving, that is a matter for the jury to consider in determining the weight to be accorded it and does not relate to admissibility.
Similarly, there is no legal restriction which precludes a party from testifying as to the amount of his earnings prior to the accident. Pawlicki v Detroit United R Co, 191 Mich. 536; 158 N.W. 162 (1916), Duma v Janni, supra. 22 Am Jur 2d, Damages, § 315, pp 413-414. While documentation of his past earnings may have proved more cogent, the existence of better evidence in this instance does not render the proferred testimony incredible. The evidence is relevant and admissible. Again, the weight to be accorded it is a determination solely within the province of the jury.
With regard to the testimony of Mr. Kailimai concerning his $2,000 investment in the service station defendant failed to object. Therefore, the issue is not preserved for appeal. Marietta v Cliffs Ridge, Inc, 385 Mich. 364; 189 N.W.2d 208 (1971). Moreover, this evidence was based upon the personal knowledge of the witness, Mr. Kailimai, a consideration of utmost importance in our system of evidential preferences. See MRE 602. Since Mr. Kailimai had direct personal knowledge he was competent to testify. That the expenditures were not documented is immaterial to admissibility.
Third, neither the $48,000 award to Mr. Kailimai nor the $12,000 award to Mrs. Kailimai was excessive. Cf. Pippen v Denison Division of Abex Corp, 66 Mich. App. 664; 239 N.W.2d 704 (1976), lv den, 399 Mich. 823 (1977).
"`"As long as the amount awarded is within the range of the evidence, and within the limits of what reasonable minds might deem just compensation for such imponderable items as personal injuries sustained and pain and suffering, the verdict rendered should not be set aside."'" Pippen v Denison Division of Abex Corp, supra at 675, quoting Stevens v Edward C Levy Co, 376 Mich. 1, 5; 135 N.W.2d 414 (1965).
To this we would add loss of consortium. Loss of consortium includes such intangibles as comfort, society, aid, companionship, and normal conjugal affection, Montgomery v Stephan, 359 Mich. 33; 101 N.W.2d 227 (1960), which are similarly not subject to exact measure. That "another jury might find differently" is irrelevant.
Indeed, unlike the trial court, we are not persuaded that the jury's verdict was "more or less based on the fact that we have * * * a very collectable defendant". There is no evidence whatsoever of a verdict influenced by passion or prejudice.
Finally, however, the trial judge was correct in pointing out the legal insufficiency of plaintiffs' proofs with regard to loss of consortium and damage to the truck. Plaintiffs offered only evidence of the extent of Mr. Kailimai's injuries in support of loss of consortium, and only evidence of the value of the truck when purchased nine months prior to the accident in support of property damage.
With regard to the loss of consortium claim, unless testimony is introduced concerning the state of the marital relationship before as well as after the accident, the evidence is legally insufficient. Washington v Jones, 386 Mich. 466; 192 N.W.2d 234 (1971). Where there is no evidence to guide the jury, either directed verdict or judgment notwithstanding the verdict is proper. Since the trial court granted neither, we reverse.
However, with regard to the claim of property damage, defendant never moved for directed verdict. Thus, judgment notwithstanding the verdict is unavailable. GCR 1963, 515.2. Whether or not evidence of the price paid nine months prior to destruction is legally sufficient, by such failure in the court below, defendant waived objection as to the legal sufficiency of plaintiffs' proof in that respect.
Moreover, while evidence of market value is not legally sufficient where it is not confined to a reasonable time before destruction, 22 Am Jur 2d, Damages, § 325, p 426, evidence of the price paid nine months prior to the accident certainly is some evidence of market value, Kendrick v Beard, 90 Mich. 589; 51 N.W. 645 (1892), Colorado Kenworth Corp v Whitworth, 144 Colo. 541; 357 P.2d 626; 97 ALR2d 990 (1960). In fact, while Kendrick would appear to place an affirmative duty on defendant to proceed with evidence of depreciation, defendant has neither discredited this evidence of original value through cross-examination nor rebutted it through evidence aliunde.
By moving for directed verdict at the close of plaintiffs' proofs defendant could have tested their legal sufficiency and still preserved its opportunity to present evidence of depreciation on rebuttal. However, by failing to present the error in a timely fashion so that a ruling could be had and the insufficiently proved element of damages removed from jury consideration, defendant has unfairly hedged its bet by allowing the jury's general verdict to be tainted by a possible error of only slight magnitude in comparison to the total award. Thus, where, as here, some evidence of market value is presented and the defect, if any, could have been readily cured, we feel defendant waives all objection to legal insufficiency by failing to move for directed verdict. Defendant should no more be entitled to a new trial than judgment notwithstanding the verdict.
We do not hold that defendant be required to prove plaintiffs' case, but only point out that here, by neither effectively cross-examining Mr. Kailimai nor introducing rebuttal evidence, defendant has contributed to the error. Assuming that a directed verdict had been moved for, its decision whether to present evidence of depreciation would be based upon the ruling of the trial judge with regard to whether market value had been established within a reasonable time prior to destruction. If defendant felt that the trial judge erroneously ruled the evidence sufficient, it would still be free to refrain from submitting evidence of depreciation so as to avoid rendering the error harmless under GCR 1963, 529.1. By failing to move for a directed verdict defendant has only compounded the problem. Now, any error could only be corrected by granting a new trial as to all damages. Any erroneous portion cannot be extracted from the general verdict.
I would reverse and remand to the trial court with instructions to affirm the jury award in favor of Mr. Kailimai and grant judgment for defendant notwithstanding the verdict for Mrs. Kailimai.