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holding that prisoners have a First Amendment right to be present when incoming legal mail is opened
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Nos. 03-3823, 04-4426, 04-4493.
Argued April 25, 2006.
Filed August 24, 2006.
Appeal from the United States District Court For the District of New Jersey, Garrett E. Brown, Jr., J.
Ronald C. Jones, (Argued), Newark, NJ, Appellant Pro Se in No. 03-3823.
Peter C. Harvey, Patrick DeAlmeida, Christopher C. Josephson, (Argued), Office of New Jersey Attorney General, Trenton, NJ, Attorneys for Appellants in No. 04-4426 and Appellees in Nos. 03-3823 and 04-4493.
Shavar D. Jeffries, (Argued) Risa M. David, Kelly A. Day, Seton Hall Law School, 833 McCarter Highway, Newark, NJ, 07102 and Lawrence S. Lustberg, Gibbons, Del Deo, Dolan, Griffinger Vecchione, One Riverfront Plaza, Newark, NJ 07102 Attorneys for Appellants in No. 04-4493 and Appellees in No. 04-4426.
Gerald J. Pappert, Calvin R. Koons, John O.J. Shellenberger, John G. Knorr, III, Office of Attorney General of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, PA, Attorneys for Amicus Curiae, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Amicus Appellant in No. 04-4426 and Amicus Appellee in Nos. 03-3823 and 04-4493.
Aaron Christopher Wheeler, James S. Pavlichko, Derrick Dale Fontroy, Theodore B. Savage, Graterford, PA, Pro Se Amici Appellees in Nos. 03-3823 and 04-4426.
Edward L. Barocas, American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey Foundation, Newark, NJ, Attorney for ACLU NJ and Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, Amici Appellants in No. 04-4426 and Amici Appellees in Nos. 03-3823 and 04-4493.
OPINION OF THE COURT
We have before us two cases that have been consolidated on appeal. While the District Courts in these cases both addressed the constitutionality of a New Jersey regulation governing the processing of incoming inmate legal mail, they reached conflicting conclusions. These consolidated appeals present two principal issues. First, do state prisoners have an interest protected by the First Amendment in being present when their incoming legal mail is opened? We conclude that our prior case law establishes that they do. Second, may New Jersey open prisoners' legal mail outside of the prisoners' presence pursuant to a state policy intended to protect the safety and security of its prisons by reducing the risk of anthrax contamination? We conclude that New Jersey has not shown that its legal mail policy is reasonably related to its interest in protecting the safety and security of its prisons. Accordingly, New Jersey's legal mail policy does not withstand constitutional scrutiny. We will affirm the grant of injunctive relief in Allah and reverse the District Court's summary judgment for the defendants in Jones.
A third appeal that was originally consolidated, Taylor v. Oney, No. 04-2062, has been severed and is being resolved in a not precedential opinion.
Plaintiff Jones appeals from the District Court's resolution of a number of other issues. We agree with its resolution of those issues and will affirm its judgment with respect to them for essentially the reasons articulated in the opinion of the District Court.
I. A.
Prior to October 19, 2001, New Jersey regulations governing the Department of Corrections required that "[i]ncoming legal correspondence be opened and inspected in front of the inmate to whom it is addressed." See 33 N.J. Reg. 4033(a) (Oct. 23, 2001).
On September 11, 2001, in response to the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon and associated disruptions, the Acting Governor of New Jersey, Donald DiFrancesco, declared a state of emergency in New Jersey. In that declaration, Executive Order No. 131-2001, Governor DiFrancesco directed
that the heads of any agency or instrumentality of the State government with authority to promulgate rules may, for the duration of the Executive Order, subject to my prior approval and in consultation with the State director of Emergency Management, waive, suspend or modify any existing rule the enforcement of which would be detrimental to the public welfare during this emergency, notwithstanding the provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act or any law to the contrary.
Executive Order No. 131-2001 (Sept. 11, 2001) (emphasis added).
In September and October 2001, one or more individuals mailed a string of letters containing anthrax through the postal system. At least four letters containing anthrax were processed in the Hamilton, N.J. mail processing center. In all, five people died and thirteen others were sickened by the mailings. In New Jersey, there were no fatalities, but there were five confirmed and two suspected infections.
In response to these anthrax mailings, the Acting Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Corrections, acting under the authority provided by the statewide declaration of emergency, issued an amendment to New Jersey's legal mail policy that suspended the regulatory requirement that legal mail be opened in the addressee prisoner's presence. The statement accompanying the amendment reads, in pertinent part:
N.J.A.C. 10A:18-3.4(b) requires that incoming legal correspondence be opened and inspected in front of the inmate to whom it is addressed. Suspension of N.J.A.C. 10A:18-3.4(b) is necessary to protect the health, safety and welfare of the people and to aid in the prevention of loss to and destruction of property. . . .
This special adopted amendment is necessary in order to inhibit the possible spread of contamination should a toxic biological substance be introduced by way of incoming legal correspondence addressed to an inmate who is incarcerated at a facility of the Department of Corrections. The Department is establishing remote areas at each facility for the processing of all incoming correspondence by trained staff members. Inmates shall not be present or involved in the processing or opening of any incoming correspondence.
33 N.J. Reg. 4033(a) (Oct. 23, 2001). The regulation now reads, in pertinent part:
Inspection of incoming legal correspondence
(a) Incoming legal correspondence shall be opened and inspected for contraband only.
(b) Incoming legal correspondence shall not be read or copied. The content of the envelope may be removed and shaken loose to ensure that no contraband is included. After the envelope has been inspected the correspondence shall be given to the inmate.
N.J. Admin. Code § 10A:18-3.4.
The Assistant Commissioner of the Department of Corrections issued a memo to all Corrections administrators providing guidelines for the handling of legal mail. That memo specifies:
1. A Correctional Officer shall open all incoming legal correspondences in the mailroom.
2. The officer shall log the information in accordance with current practices.
3. The incoming legal correspondence shall be opened and inspected for contraband. . . . The contents shall not be read or censored by the officer.
4. After the envelope has been inspected, the officer shall seal the envelope with tamper proof evidence tape. . . .
* * *
5. After the inspection has been completed the correspondence shall be delivered to the inmate.
Memorandum from Jeffrey J. Burns, Assistant Comm'r, N.J. Dep't of Corrections, to All Administrators (Oct. 19, 2001); App. Brown at Ra92-93.
The amendment indicates that the suspension of former § 10A:18-3.4(b) will remain in effect until the end of the state of emergency declared on September 11, 2001 in Executive Order No. 131-2001. To date, the state of emergency remains in force and the suspension of former § 10A:18-3.4(b) remains in effect.
B.
The plaintiffs in Allah and the plaintiff in Jones are inmates in the New Jersey correctional system whose legal mail has been opened outside their presence pursuant to New Jersey's revised legal mail policy. Both sets of plaintiffs filed suit in New Jersey District Courts against state correctional officials asserting, inter alia, that the legal mail policy violates their First Amendment right of free speech. They sought injunctive and monetary relief.
Jamaal W. Allah, Kevin Jackson, and Lennie Kirkland ("the Allah plaintiffs").
The defendants in Allah are Devon Brown, the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Corrections, Terrance Moore, the now former Administrator of East Jersey State Prison ("EJSP"), Roy Hendricks, the now former Administrator of New Jersey State Prison ("NJSP"), Robert Shabbick, a corrections sergeant at EJSP, and Wayne Sanderson, a corrections sergeant at NJSP. The defendants in Jones are Roy Hendricks, Steven Sootkoos, Associate Administrator of NJSP, and Matthew Brown, an Investigator with the Special Investigations Division at NJSP.
In Allah, on cross-motions for judgment on the pleadings, the District Court ruled that the legal mail policy violated the prisoners' constitutional right to be present when their legal mail is opened. It accordingly enjoined the state officials from enforcing the challenged policy. However, citing the uncertainty necessarily involved in assessing the risk of anthrax contamination at the time of the policy's adoption, the Court granted the defendants' motion to dismiss the plaintiffs' claims for monetary damages on the basis of qualified immunity.
The District Court in Allah appears to have effectively converted the cross-motions for judgment on the pleadings into cross-motions for summary judgment. Neither party objects to this treatment on appeal and we assume it not to have been an abuse of discretion. See Rubert-Torres v. Hospital San Pablo, Inc., 205 F.3d 472, 475-76 (1st Cir. 2000); 5C Wright Miller, Federal Practice Procedure § 1371 at 275.
In Jones, by contrast, the District Court granted summary judgment to the Defendants on all of Jones' claims. In particular, the District Court concluded that New Jersey's legal mail policy is a valid exercise of administrative discretion.
Before us now are the Allah defendants' appeal of the District Court's grant of injunctive relief, the Allah plaintiffs' cross-appeal of the dismissal on qualified immunity grounds of their claim for monetary damages, and plaintiff Jones' appeal of the District Court's grant of summary judgment to the defendants. We have jurisdiction over the grant of injunctive relief in Allah pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a) and pendent appellate jurisdiction over the plaintiffs' cross-appeal because the facts regarding the merits of the injunction order are inextricably intertwined with those concerning qualified immunity. See E.I. DuPont de Nemours Co. v. Rhone Poulenc Fiber Resin Intermediates, S.A.S., 269 F.3d 187, 203 (3d Cir. 2001). The District Court's grant of summary judgment in Jones is a final order over which we exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
II.
The Supreme Court's decision in Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 84, 107 S.Ct. 2254, 96 L.Ed.2d 64 (1987), governs our review of New Jersey's legal mail policy. See Beard v. Banks, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. 2572, 2577, 165 L.Ed.2d 697 (2006). The Turner Court emphasized that "federal courts must take cognizance of the valid constitutional claims of prison inmates." 482 U.S. at 84, 107 S.Ct. 2254. However, the Court also recognized that prison administration is "an inordinately difficult undertaking," aspects of which are "peculiarly within the province of the legislative and executive branches of government." Id. at 85, 107 S.Ct. 2254. In light of these principles, the Court held that a prison regulation that impinges on the constitutional rights of prisoners is nonetheless valid, so long as the regulation "is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests." Id. at 89, 107 S.Ct. 2254. The Turner analysis presupposes "that the plaintiff inmate has demonstrated that a constitutionally protected interest is at stake." DeHart v. Horn, 227 F.3d 47, 51 (3d Cir. 2000) (en banc). Accordingly, in the instant case, our threshold task is to determine whether the New Jersey legal mail policy impinges on inmates' constitutional rights at all. If it does, we must then consider the policy's relationship to legitimate penological interests.
A.
The First Amendment, as incorporated in the Fourteenth, prohibits states from "abridging the freedom of speech." U.S. Const. Amend. I. We held in Bieregu that state prisoners, by virtue of their incarceration, "do not forfeit their First Amendment right to use of the mails," 59 F.3d at 1452, and that a "pattern and practice of opening properly marked incoming [legal] mail outside an inmate's presence infringes communication protected by the right to free speech." 59 F.3d at 1452. We stressed that a pattern and practice of opening properly marked court mail is particularly troubling because it "chills protected expression and may inhibit the inmate's ability to speak, protest, and complain openly, directly, and without reservation with the court." Id.
We reaffirm that holding of Bieregu today. A state pattern and practice, or, as is the case here, explicit policy, of opening legal mail outside the presence of the addressee inmate interferes with protected communications, strips those protected communications of their confidentiality, and accordingly impinges upon the inmate's right to freedom of speech. The practice deprives the expression of confidentiality and chills the inmates' protected expression, regardless of the state's good-faith protestations that it does not, and will not, read the content of the communications. This is so because "the only way to ensure that mail is not read when opened . . . is to require that it be done in the presence of the inmate to whom it is addressed." Id. at 1456 (citing Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 576-77, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974)).
In Bieregu, we also ruled that a pattern and practice of opening legal mail outside the addressee prisoner's presence impinges on the inmate's right to court access under the First Amendment right to petition clause and the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause, independent of whether the prisoner can show "actual injury" to his or her access to the courts. 59 F.3d at 1455. However, as we later recognized in Oliver, this alternative holding of Bieregu was subsequently abrogated by the Supreme Court's decision in Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 135 L.Ed.2d 606 (1996). Oliver, 118 F.3d at 178.
We reject the argument of amicus curiae, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, that the Supreme Court's decision in Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 135 L.Ed.2d 606 (1996), and our subsequent decision in Oliver v. Fauver, 118 F.3d 175 (3d Cir. 1997), require that the plaintiffs prove some injury-in-fact beyond the infringement of constitutionally protected speech. The Supreme Court in Casey ruled that in order to press a claim for interference with the right to court access, a prisoner plaintiff must allege that he or she has been actually injured in his or her access to the courts, i.e., that he or she has been hindered in an effort to pursue a nonfrivolous legal claim. 518 U.S. at 349-53, 116 S.Ct. 2174. Allegations that the state has not provided adequate preconditions to effectuate the right of access to the court, such as law libraries or legal services, are insufficient. Rather, the inmate must show that his or her exercise of the right at issue, the right of accessing the courts to secure judicial relief, has been infringed in some consequential way. Id.
Following Casey, we ruled in Oliver v. Fauver, 118 F.3d 175 (3d Cir. 1997), that a prisoner could not support a claim for denial of court access stemming from interference with legal mail without producing evidence of actual injury to his access to the courts. In so doing, we made clear that to the extent we had ruled otherwise in Bieregu, that holding of Bieregu was "effectively overruled." Id. at 178. While we did not expressly limit our statement that Bieregu was "effectively overruled" to exclude its First Amendment holding, nothing in the reasoning of Casey or Oliver suggests that a prisoner alleging that officials have opened his legal mail outside of his presence and thereby violated his First Amendment rights need allege any consequential injury stemming from that violation, aside from the violation itself. Unlike the provision of legal libraries or legal services, which are not constitutional "ends in themselves, but only the means for ensuring `a reasonably adequate opportunity to present claimed violations of fundamental constitutional rights to the courts,'" Casey, 518 U.S. at 351,
116 S.Ct. 2174, protection of an inmate's freedom to engage in protected communications is a constitutional end in itself.
B.
The fact that the legal mail policy burdens prisoners' First Amendment rights does not, however, tell us whether the policy is constitutional. Prisoners necessarily sacrifice many of the constitutional rights available to non-incarcerated citizens. See Banks, 126 S.Ct. at 2577-78. ("[I]mprisonment does not automatically deprive a prisoner of certain constitutional protections, including those of the First Amendment. But at the same time the Constitution sometimes permits greater restriction of such rights in a prison than it would allow elsewhere.") (citations omitted); Overton v. Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126, 131, 123 S.Ct. 2162, 156 L.Ed.2d 162 (2003) ("Many of the liberties and privileges enjoyed by other citizens must be surrendered by the prisoner."). The relevant question, as articulated by the Supreme Court in Turner, is whether the legal mail policy is "reasonably related to legitimate penological interests." 482 U.S. at 89, 107 S.Ct. 2254.
Under the teachings of Turner, there are two steps to take in determining whether a prison regulation is "reasonably related to legitimate penological interests." Id. "First, there must be a `valid, rational connection' between the prison regulation and the legitimate governmental interest put forward to justify it. Thus, a regulation cannot be sustained where the logical connection between the regulation and the asserted goal is so remote as to render the policy arbitrary or irrational" or to demonstrate that it "represents an exaggerated response to [the asserted] objectives." Turner, 482 U.S. at 89-90, 107 S.Ct. 2254 (citation omitted), 97-98. Thus, "a rational nexus between a regulation and a legitimate penological interest is essential to its validity." DeHart v. Horn, 227 F.3d 47, 53 (3d Cir. 2000) (en banc).
On the other hand, "not all prison regulations that are rationally related to [a legitimate state] interest pass Turner's `overall reasonableness' standard." Id. If such a rational relationship is found to exist, that "determination commences rather than concludes our inquiry." Id. The other three Turner factors to be considered are (1) "whether inmates retain alternative means of exercising the circumscribed right," (2) the burden on prison resources that would be imposed by accommodating the right, and (3) "whether there are alternatives to the regulation that `fully accommodate the prisoners' rights at de minimis cost to valid penological interests." Id. at 51 (quoting from Waterman v. Farmer, 183 F.3d 208, 213 (3d Cir. 1999)).
"Of course, the Turner analysis is appropriate only in cases where a prison policy is impinging on inmates' constitutional rights" and Turner's two-step assessment of reasonableness must be made in light of "the inmate's interest in engaging in constitutionally protected activity." DeHart, 227 F.3d at 51.
While the ultimate burden of persuasion with regard to the reasonableness of a regulation resides with those challenging it, Overton v. Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126, 132, 123 S.Ct. 2162, 156 L.Ed.2d 162 (2003), the defendant administrators must "put forward" the legitimate governmental interest alleged to justify the regulation, Turner, 482 U.S. at 89, 107 S.Ct. 2254, and "`demonstrate' that the policy drafters `could rationally have seen a connection' between the policy and [that interest]." Wolf v. Ashcroft, 297 F.3d 305, 308 (3d Cir. 2002). "[T]his burden, though slight, must `amount to more than a conclusory assertion.'" Id. (quoting Waterman, 183 F.3d at 218 n. 9). As we explained in Wolf, satisfying this burden may or may not require evidence; where the connection is obvious, common sense may suffice:
[W]hile the connection may be a matter of common sense in certain instances, such that a ruling on this issue based only on the pleadings may be appropriate, there may be situations in which the connection is not so apparent and does require factual development. Whether the requisite connection may be found solely on the basis of "common sense" will depend on the nature of the right, the nature of the interest asserted, the nature of the prohibition, and the obviousness of its connection to the proffered interest. The showing required will vary depending on how close the court perceives the connection to be.
Wolf, 297 F.3d at 308-09.
When neither common sense nor evidence demonstrates a reasonable causal nexus — "where the logical connection between the regulation and the asserted goal is so remote as to render the policy arbitrary or irrational" or to demonstrate that the regulation "represents an exaggerate[d] response" — summary judgment for the defendant administrator is inappropriate and the plaintiff inmate may be entitled to injunctive relief. See, e.g., Ramirez v. Pugh, 379 F.3d 122, 130 (3d Cir. 2004) ("In the absence of a factual record, . . . we cannot ignore the possibility that the proscription rationally applies to such a small percentage of the . . . inmate population that its connection to the government's rehabilitative interest `is so remote as to render [it] arbitrary or irrational.'") (quoting Turner, 482 U.S. at 89-90, 107 S.Ct. 2254); Wolf v. Ashcroft, 297 F.3d 305, 309 (3d Cir. 2002); Bieregu v. Reno, 59 F.3d 1445, 1458 (3d Cir. 1995); Mann v. Reynolds, 46 F.3d 1055, 1060-61 (10th Cir. 1995).
Our decision in Bieregu is instructive on this point. While the defendant administrators in Bieregu argued only that their opening of legal mail in the absence of the inmate addressee did not violate the Constitution, the Court, in the course of reversing summary judgment in favor of those defendants, necessarily addressed whether the legal mail policy was enforceable under Turner. Bieregu, 59 F.3d at 1456-58. The Court found that no reasonable connection had been demonstrated between their conduct and institutional security "on the supposition that correspondence may contain plans for escape or incite violence." Id. at 1457. We recognized that the state had a "substantial interest" in institutional security but concluded that, on the state of the record, "to suggest that repeatedly opening incoming court mail outside the presence of an inmate advances a legitimate interest in institutional security . . . would overreach." Id. In other words, while it was true that legal mail conceivably might contain such plans and the opening of it might conceivably thwart those plans, the risk allegedly addressed was too insubstantial to justify incursion on First Amendment interests.
There is no dispute here about the existence of the regulation and the defendants' conduct implementing it. As we have explained, based upon that regulation and conduct, plaintiffs have established that the defendants have infringed upon their First Amendment protected interest in being present when legal mail addressed to them is opened. It follows that defendants' practice cannot pass constitutional muster unless it can satisfy the Turner tests.
In order to satisfy their burden at the first Turner step, the defendant administrators have identified as the relevant penological interest their interest in protecting the safety and security of New Jersey's prisons. The defendants put forth only one means by which the policy might serve that interest: through a reduction in the risk of anthrax contamination in prisons. In order to establish that there is a non-negligible risk of anthrax contamination that the policy could be thought to reduce, the defendants rely solely on the generally known facts regarding the events of September 11, 2001, and the letters posted in October of 2001 containing anthrax spores. They have tendered no other evidence for the purpose of establishing the existence of a significant risk of anthrax contamination and thus a reasonable connection between these practices and the safety and security of their prisons.
Both sides in both cases agree upon the facts here earlier reported concerning the anthrax letters. See page ___, infra. A series of such letters was posted in October of 2001, four of which were processed by the mail processing center in Hamilton, NJ. Five people died. There were five confirmed infections in New Jersey. No evidence has been tendered, however, regarding the addressees of those letters, the results of the ensuing investigation, or any other information regarding them.
The District Court in Allah, viewing the question presented under Turner's first step from the perspective of the date of its decision in October of 2004, found "that there is no reasonable connection between the Legal Mail Policy and the Defendants' asserted interest." App. Brown at Ra123. It explained:
Defendants have offered no evidence that there is an elevated risk of anthrax contamination in prisons resulting from the events of September 11, 2001, which prompted DiFrancesco's executive order. Nor have Defendants cited any evidence of attempts to expose prisoners to anthrax in the three years since the incident in the Hamilton postal facility. Since that time, investigations conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (the "CDC") have found that the actual risk of anthrax contamination in this country is quite small, and guidelines set forth by the CDC and the State of New Jersey provide a sensible approach to dealing with suspicious packages.
Id.
The District Court in Jones, viewing the question presented under Turner's first step from the time perspective of the adoption of the regulation, found "that the revised mail policy has a rational relation to its stated and legitimate purpose of maintaining prison safety and security." Id. at Ra111. It explained:
After September 11, 2001, prison officials were faced with the very real and dangerous prospect of receiving prisoner mail containing Anthrax. In such a close-quartered environment as a prison, the potential danger to inmates and staff alike is obvious. If a prisoner were to open a contaminated envelope in his cell, not only would the prisoner and mail carrier likely be exposed to the contaminant, the prisoner's cell mate and neighbors, as well as his entire prison wing, would be at risk of exposure. The revised mail policy seeks to lessen the risk of Anthrax exposure to prisoners and prison staff by opening incoming mail in a secure environment in which any contamination would be immediately contained.
Id.
We believe that a prison administrator compelled to act immediately after September 11th and October of 2001 might reasonably have concluded that the risk of an anthrax terrorism attack on a prison was sufficiently unquantifiable to justify a temporary, emergency measure involving the opening of a prisoner's legal mail in his absence. We conclude, however, that we should review the injunction entered by the District Court in Allah based on the state of the record in that case at the time it was entered more than three years after September 11th. See United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144, 153, 58 S.Ct. 778, 82 L.Ed. 1234 (1938) ("[T]he constitutionality of a statute predicated upon the existence of a particular state of facts may be challenged by showing to the court that those facts have ceased to exist."); Schumacher v. Nix, 965 F.2d 1262, 1271 (3d Cir. 1992). Reviewing it from that perspective we, too, find that there is "no reasonable connection between the Legal Mail Policy and the defendants' asserted interest." App. Brown at RA123.
While they have played no role in our decision, extra-record materials to which plaintiffs and amici refer us, some of which are dated after the Allah Court's October 2004 injunction, support its soundness today. Since October of 2004, the Postal Service has implemented a series of measures to reduce the risk of anthrax contamination through the mail. These measures have included the installation of biohazard detection systems in all nine processing centers in New Jersey. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates an individual's current risk of contracting anthrax to be roughly 1 in 300 million in an average year. See Ctrs. for Disease Control Prevention, Anthrax Q A: Risk, http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax/faq/risk.asp (last visited July 31, 2006). By way of comparison, one is two times less likely to contract anthrax in a given year than to win the grand prize in the Multi-State Lottery Association's Powerball game. See The Multi-State Lottery Association, Powerball — Prizes and Odds, http://www.powerball.com/powerball/pb_prizes.asp (reporting odds of grand prize to be roughly 1 in 146 million) (last visited July 31, 2006).
At every step in the suggested logical progression from the events of September and October 2001 to the need for protection of prisons against anthrax contamination in October 2004, common sense would not assist the responsible administrator. He or she, without additional information, could not reasonably take each logical step in deciding whether to continue to tread upon inmates' First Amendment rights. For example, it is conceivable, we suppose, that there may have been a connection between the events of September 11th and the anthrax letters of October 2001, but common sense does not alone afford a reasonable basis for believing that there was, and a prison administrator in the absence of substantial evidence to so suggest could not three years later reasonably rely upon such a connection in deciding whether to continue the amended legal mail policy until the end of the state of emergency. The same can be said for the alleged connection between a limited but undisclosed number of anthrax letters posted in October of 2001 by an unknown person or persons to undisclosed places and the existence three years later of a person motivated and with the means to attack a prison with anthrax. Finally, even if an administrator could reasonably conclude in October of 2004 that there was a non- de minimis risk of an anthrax attack on New Jersey prisons, common sense, without more, would not afford a reasonable basis for believing that that risk would be materially reduced by opening letters from lawyers and courts.
In ruling that the state had failed to demonstrate a "valid, rational connection" between the legal mail policy and a legitimate governmental interest, the Allah Court did not second guess New Jersey prison administrators' judgment with respect to administrative burdens or inmate behavior, or any other matter within their special expertise. The problem it addressed was one involving the assessment of the risk of a terrorist anthrax attack on New Jersey's prisons in the Fall of 2004. Yes, such an attack is conceivable, but that Court would have been neglectful of its responsibility if it had sanctioned the elimination of the constitutional right we recognized in Bieregu in the absence of some rational basis for believing there was a non-negligible risk of such an attack. Stated otherwise, while the health and safety of inmates and staff are legitimate penological interests, if there is no information suggesting a significant risk of an anthrax attack, there is no reasonable connection between those interests and the policy of opening legal mail in the absence of the inmate addressee. Accordingly, we hold that the defendants have not met their burden under the first step of Turner and proceed no further in our review of the injunction in the Allah Court.
Although only two, rather than three, materially uneventful years had passed at the time of the Jones Court's decision to refuse injunctive relief, our analysis of the issues presented by Jones' appeal parallels the analysis we have just conducted in Allah and reaches the same conclusion. The defendants in Jones, like those in Allah, have failed to meet their burden under the first step of Turner. Accordingly, we will reverse the judgment of the Jones Court on Jones' claim for injunctive relief and will remand with instructions to enter an injunction consistent with the Allah injunction.
III.
State officials are entitled to qualified immunity from damage liability if their conduct "does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). "This inquiry . . . must be undertaken in light of the specific context of the case." Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001).
Bieregu established as a general matter that prisoners have a First Amendment protected interest in being present when their legal mail is opened. 59 F.3d at 1458. But as the Supreme Court emphasized in Saucier, "that is not enough." 533 U.S. at 202, 121 S.Ct. 2151. "The contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right." Id. (quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987)). For two reasons, we believe it cannot be said with confidence that reasonable prison administrators in the defendants' position would have realized that they were violating the teachings of Bieregu.
First, as we have explained, prison administrators in defendants' position would not have been violating inmates' rights if they reasonably believed they were acting in the interest of inmate and staff health and safety. As we have further explained, the Turner test is highly fact sensitive and, at the time the challenged regulation was adopted, there was no guidance in our case law regarding the application of Bieregu and Turner in the context of the special circumstances encountered in the Fall of 2001. Without being able to determine whether the October 2001 series of anthrax letters had ended or was on-going, a reasonable administrator might well have understood the legal mail policy to be consistent with those cases.
Second, even at a later point in time when it became apparent that there was no significant, on-going risk from anthrax attack, we believe a reasonable prison administrator evaluating whether the legal mail policy should be continued might well have concluded that Bieregu was no longer sound law. As previously noted, at that point we had declared without reservation in Oliver v. Fauver, 118 F.3d 175, 178 (3d Cir. 1997), that the Supreme Court had "effectively overruled Bieregu." While we here hold that this was not true with respect to the First Amendment aspects of Bieregu, in the absence of authority suggesting otherwise, we cannot find a prison administrator to have been unreasonable in taking our statement in Oliver at face value.
Accordingly, we will affirm the ruling of both the Allah Court and the Jones Court that the defendants are entitled to qualified immunity with respect to plaintiffs' damage claims.
IV.
The judgment of the District Court in Allah will be affirmed. The judgment of the District Court in Jones will be affirmed in all respects other than the denial of relief on plaintiffs' claim for an injunction. Its denial of injunctive relief will be reversed and this matter will be remanded with instructions to enter an injunction consistent with that entered in Allah.