Opinion
No. 12-04-00033-CR
Opinion delivered December 15, 2004. DO NOT PUBLISH.
Appeal from the County Court at Law of Henderson County, Texas.
Panel consisted of WORTHEN, C.J., GRIFFITH, J. and DeVASTO, J.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Ben Lee Johnson, Jr. was convicted of misdemeanor driving while intoxicated, was sentenced to confinement for 180 days, probated for eighteen months, and was assessed a fine of $2,000.00. Appellant raises one issue on appeal. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
On May 8, 2000, Appellant was charged by information with the class B misdemeanor offense of driving while intoxicated. Appellant pleaded "not guilty" to the charge and elected to have his case tried to a jury. During the trial, Texas Department of Public Safety ("DPS") Trooper James Martin testified that at around 10:00 p.m. on April 15, 2000, he and Trooper Scott Smith were on patrol on Farm-to-Market Road 59 in Henderson County when they passed a 1999 Mercury Sable traveling in the opposite direction. Martin's traffic radar clocked the vehicle traveling at 77 miles per hour, seventeen miles per hour over the posted speed limit, so he decided to pursue the vehicle. Martin testified that Appellant was the driver of that vehicle. When Martin approached Appellant, he noticed that he had a "stare set to his face," which was indicative of possible intoxication. Martin asked Appellant to exit the vehicle and walk to the back of the vehicle. As Appellant walked to Martin's car, he noticed that Appellant was unsure of his balance. Martin testified that when Appellant approached him, he smelled alcohol emanating from Appellant's breath and told Appellant he smelled alcohol. Appellant paused and said that he "had a beer at the camp out." Martin then had Appellant perform standardized field sobriety tests in order to evaluate whether Appellant was intoxicated. The first test Martin had Appellant perform was the horizontal gaze nystagmus ("HGN") test. Martin testified that "nystagmus" is "involuntary jerking of the eyes" and that if the introduction of alcoholic beverages is "severe" enough, then the nystagmus will be very clear to the naked eye when an intoxicated person gazes to the side. Martin testified that when looking at the results of these tests to determine intoxication, peace officers must look for three clues in each eye or a total of six clues for two eyes. The first clue is a lack of smooth pursuit, which means that as the person looks from side to side, his eye "jerks." The second clue is whether there is "distinct nystagmus at maximum deviation." This clue is triggered when a person looks out of the corner of his or her eye at a pen held by the officer at an angle from the person's face and the eyeball moves. In contrast, a non-intoxicated person's eye would not move when at maximum deviation. The third clue is "onset prior to 45 degrees." This clue is exhibited when a person's eye begins "jerking" while the person is moving his or her eye to the corner of the eye socket. At this point in the trial, the jury was excused so the attorneys could argue whether Martin was qualified to discuss the percentage of reliability of the field sobriety testing. After the jury left the courtroom, the following exchange took place:THE COURT: Okay. Now we can talk freely.
STATE'S COUNSEL: Your Honor, in Emerson v. State, the court of appeals itself took notice that the horizontal gaze and nystagmus is reliable.It's based on credible scientific testimony.
APPELLANT'S COUNSEL: Your Honor, I haven't objected to the qualifications of this officer to testify to the horizontal gaze and nystagmus nor to the admissibility of the horizontal gaze and nystagmus or the results. What I do object to is any testimony related to any purported probability of success or percentage of success related to studies conducted outside of Texas that aren't based upon .08 standard which I don't, my reading says there are none that were conducted in Texas based on Texas law based on .08 or based on a .08 standard. I believe the studies that were done . . . either based on a .10 standard or based on a .05 standard in Colorado, and a .04 standard in California, and the actual results of those studies, what they state is that they were reliable to a certain degree to indicate the presence of alcohol. Not reliability as to intoxication, and particularly not to intoxication under a .08.
So I would object to this witness testifying to them in that there's not been a proper predicate laid. Also based on relevance in general, and based on scientific evidence which I don't believe proper predicate has been laid under either the reliability or the relevance standard of scientific evidence.
STATE'S COUNSEL: Your Honor, we're not attempting to extrapolate a specific blood alcohol level from these tests. They've been evaluated by the National Highway Safety Authority [("NHTSA")]. They're used as the standardized field tests because of that. We would ask to at least be able to refer to N.H.T.S.A.'s own studies.
THE COURT: I'll allow you to go into it. I think it probably goes more to its reliability or the credibility of the evidence and not its admissibility. So I'll let you go into it and I'll overrule the objection.
Appellant's counsel then proceeded to voir dire Martin, outside the jury's presence, on the reliability of the HGN studies. He testified that he did not take part in any of the studies performed by a "Southern California research institute," but he was familiar with the study. Martin further stated that "[e]verything that comes out of [his] mouth is from the Texas Department of Public Safety or what I was trained by the Texas AM Extension Service or by the book sitting beside you. Nothing more." When asked further about everything he had in his possession that he relied on in forming his opinion, Martin told the court that he relied upon his case report and "a manual." When asked by the court if he wished to look at the manual, Appellant's counsel replied:
Your Honor, may I look at it just briefly? Your Honor, I think that's the same information that I have. If that's all that he used in relying or forming the basis of his opinion and there's not any other written materials, I'll withdraw the objection.The jury was shown back into the courtroom, and the trial went forward. Martin later testified that if four or more clues are observed while performing the HGN test, then those four clues "indicate a blood alcohol concentration of .08 within 88 percent accuracy." No objection was made to this testimony. Martin further testified that during the HGN test, Appellant's eyes had a lack of smooth pursuit because they were "very jerky." He also noticed that Appellant's eyes had nystagmus prior to 45 degrees and that he was never able to get Appellant's eyes "all the way up to maximum deviation." Martin also asked Appellant to perform the walk-and-turn test. This test involves the subject placing his right foot in front of his left while walking in a straight line. The clues of intoxication to look for during this test are 1) inability to balance during the instructions, 2) starting before the instructions are finished, 3) stopping while walking, 4) stepping off a line, 5) not touching heel to toe on all steps, 6) using arms for balance, 7) making the turn incorrectly, and 8) not walking the correct number of steps. Martin related that, in his training, two clues being exhibited during this test indicates a 79 percent reliability of a .08 blood alcohol concentration. No objection was made to this testimony. When Appellant performed the walk-and-turn test, Martin noticed five clues for intoxication, namely that Appellant 1) could not keep his balance while listening to instructions, 2) would separate his feet, 3) did not touch heel to toe on all of his steps, 4) used his arms for balance, and 5) performed the turn incorrectly. During the one leg stand test, Appellant was asked to keep his hands to his sides and raise his foot off the ground for thirty seconds while counting to thirty using a "one thousand" count. Martin stated that based on his training, two clues of intoxication indicate an 83 percent reliability of a .08 blood alcohol concentration. Appellant did not object to this testimony. Martin noticed that Appellant exhibited two clues of intoxication during this test by swaying while balancing and using his arms for balance. Martin also asked Appellant to recite the alphabet and to count from 30 to 17 backwards. Appellant correctly recited the alphabet, but counted back to 16 instead of stopping at 17, thus exhibiting a clue of intoxication. Martin also asked Appellant to submit to a portable breath test, but Appellant refused. Appellant was then arrested for driving while intoxicated. When Appellant arrived at the Henderson County Justice Center, he refused to submit to an Intoxilyzer test or a blood test to specifically determine his blood alcohol content. Appellant also performed the walk-and-turn and one leg stand tests. Appellant failed the walk-and-turn test when he "took about three steps and staggered." Appellant also failed the one leg stand test when he raised his foot, "counted just a little bit, and staggered." Based on Appellant's performance on the field sobriety tests, Martin concluded that Appellant was intoxicated. During cross-examination, Appellant's counsel questioned Martin on the 88 percent reliability of the HGN test and the studies that accompanied that percentage. Martin stated that he was not familiar with the studies, but that the 88 percentage reliability for a .08 blood alcohol content was what he had been told during training. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury convicted Appellant of misdemeanor driving while intoxicated, sentenced him to confinement for 180 days, probated for eighteen months, and assessed a fine of $2,000.00.