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INS v. Miranda

U.S.
Nov 8, 1982
459 U.S. 14 (1982)

Summary

holding that negligent conduct is an insufficient basis for an estoppel claim against the government

Summary of this case from Schwebel v. Crandall

Opinion

ON PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

No. 82-29.

Decided November 8, 1982

While in the United States after the expiration of his temporary visitor's visa, respondent alien married a United States citizen. His wife filed a petition with the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), requesting that he be granted an immigrant visa as her spouse, and respondent simultaneously applied to the INS for adjustment of his status to that of a permanent resident alien. The wife's petition, if approved, would have satisfied § 245(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, which conditions the granting of permanent resident status to an alien on the immediate availability of an immigrant visa. The INS did not act on either the wife's petition or respondent's application for 18 months, and when the marriage broke up the wife withdrew her petition. The INS then denied respondent's application because an immigrant visa was not immediately available to him. In subsequent administrative deportation proceedings, the INS rejected respondent's claims that his previous marriage was sufficient to support his application for permanent resident status, and that the INS was estopped from denying his application because of its "unreasonable delay." Respondent sought review of the administrative decision in the Court of Appeals, which ultimately reversed, holding that the INS's unexplained 18-month delay in processing respondent's application was "affirmative misconduct" that estopped the Government from denying the application.

Held: Regardless of whether or not even "affirmative misconduct" will estop the Government from enforcing the immigration laws, the evidence here did not rise to that level. Respondent showed only that the Government failed to process his application promptly. Even if the INS arguably was negligent in not acting more expeditiously, neither such conduct nor the harm to respondent was sufficient to estop the Government. Cf. Montana v. Kennedy, 366 U.S. 308; INS v. Hibi, 414 U.S. 5; Schweiker v. Hansen, 450 U.S. 785.

Certiorari granted; 673 F.2d 1105, reversed.


Respondent Horacio Miranda, a citizen of the Philippines, entered the United States in 1971 on a temporary visitor's visa. After his visa expired, he stayed in this country, eventually marrying Linda Milligan, a citizen of the United States, on May 26, 1976. Shortly thereafter, Milligan filed a visa petition with the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) on respondent's behalf. She requested that he be granted an immigrant visa as her spouse. Respondent simultaneously filed an application requesting the INS to adjust his status to that of a permanent resident alien. Section 245(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 conditions the granting of permanent resident status to an alien on the immediate availability of an immigrant visa. Milligan's petition, if approved, would have satisfied this condition.

Section 201(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 provides for the admission of immigrants who are immediate relatives of United States citizens. 66 Stat. 175, as amended, 8 U.S.C. § 1151(b).

Section 245(a) provides that the status of an alien who was admitted into the United States "may be adjusted by the Attorney General, in his discretion and under such regulations as he may prescribe, to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence if (1) the alien makes an application for such adjustment, (2) the alien is eligible to receive an immigrant visa and is admissible to the United States for permanent residence, and (3) an immigrant visa is immediately available to him at the time his application is filed." 66 Stat. 217, as amended, 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a).

The INS did not act on either Milligan's petition or respondent's application for 18 months. Following the breakup of her marriage with respondent, Milligan withdrew her petition in December 1977. At that point, the INS denied respondent's application for permanent residence because he had not shown that an immigrant visa was immediately available to him. The INS also issued an order to show cause why he should not be deported.

At a deportation hearing, respondent conceded his deportability but renewed his application for permanent resident status because of his marriage to Milligan. Although the marriage had ended, he claimed that a previous marriage was sufficient to support his application. The Immigration Judge rejected this claim, concluding that the immediate availability of an immigrant visa was a necessary condition to respondent's application. Since Milligan had withdrawn her petition for an immigrant visa before the INS had acted on it, respondent was ineligible for permanent resident status.

Respondent appealed the decision to the Board of Immigration Appeals. For the first time, he raised the claim that the INS was estopped from denying his application because of its "unreasonable delay." He argued that the "failure to act was not only unreasonable, unfair and unjust but also an abuse of governmental process if the delay was deliberate." Record 44. The Board rejected respondent's claim. It found "no evidence of any `affirmative misconduct'" and no basis for an equitable estoppel. Id., at 4.

Respondent sought review of the Board's decision in the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that "[t]he unexplained failure of the INS to act on the visa petition for an eighteen-month period prior to the petitioner's withdrawal . . . was affirmative misconduct by the INS." Miranda v. INS, 638 F.2d 83, 84 (1980). We granted certiorari, vacated the judgment of the Court of Appeals, and remanded the case for further consideration in light of Schweiker v. Hansen, 450 U.S. 785 (1981). 454 U.S. 808 (1981).

On remand, the Court of Appeals adhered to its earlier decision. 673 F.2d 1105 (1982) ( per curiam). It found Hansen inapplicable for three reasons. First, the Government's conduct in Hansen had not risen to the level of affirmative misconduct. In this case, however, affirmative misconduct was established by the INS's unexplained delay in processing respondent's application. Second, although the private party in Hansen subsequently had been able to correct the Government's error, the INS's error here inflicted irrevocable harm on respondent. Finally, unlike the private party in Hansen who sought to recover from the public treasury, respondent was seeking only to become a permanent resident — a result that would entail no burden on the public fisc. The Court of Appeals determined that "the Supreme Court's conclusion that the government was not estopped in Hansen neither compels nor suggests the same conclusion here." 673 F.2d, at 1106.

In Hansen, we did not consider whether estoppel will lie against the Government when there is evidence of affirmative misconduct. We found that a Government official's misstatement to an applicant for federal insurance benefits, conceded to be less than affirmative misconduct, did not justify allowing the applicant to collect retroactive benefits from the public treasury. See 450 U.S., at 788-789. Although Hansen involved estoppel in the context of a claim against the public treasury, we observed that "[i]n two cases involving denial of citizenship, the Court has declined to decide whether even `affirmative misconduct' would estop the Government from denying citizenship, for in neither case was `affirmative misconduct' involved." Id., at 788.

The Court of Appeals thus correctly considered whether, as an initial matter, there was a showing of affirmative misconduct. See INS v. Hibi, 414 U.S. 5, 8-9 (1973) (per curiam); Montana v. Kennedy, 366 U.S. 308, 314-315 (1961). Hibi and Montana indicate, however, that the Court of Appeals erred in determining that the evidence in this case established affirmative misconduct. In Montana, a Government official had incorrectly informed the petitioner's mother that she was unable to return to the United States because she was pregnant. The Court found that the official's misstatement "falls far short of misconduct such as might prevent the United States from relying on petitioner's foreign birth" as a basis for denying him citizenship. 366 U.S., at 314-315. In Hibi, Congress had exempted aliens serving in the United States Armed Forces from certain requirements normally imposed on persons seeking naturalization. We found that neither the Government's failure to publicize fully the rights accorded by Congress nor its failure to make an authorized naturalization representative available to aliens serving outside of the United States estopped the Government from rejecting respondent's untimely application for naturalization. See 414 U.S., at 8-9.

Unlike Montana and Hibi, where the Government's error was clear, the evidence that the Government failed to fulfill its duty in this case is at best questionable. The only indication of negligence is the length of time that the INS took to process respondent's application. Although the time was indeed long, we cannot say in the absence of evidence to the contrary that the delay was unwarranted. Cf. Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 415 (1971) (presumption of regularity supports official act of public officer); United States v. Chemical Foundation, Inc., 272 U.S. 1, 14-15 (1926) (same). Both the number of the applications received by the INS and the need to investigate their validity may make it difficult for the agency to process an application as promptly as may be desirable. Even if the INS arguably was negligent in not acting more expeditiously, its conduct was not significantly different from that in Montana and Hibi. Nor is the harm to respondent different. Montana and Hibi make clear that neither the Government's conduct nor the harm to the respondent is sufficient to estop the Government from enforcing the conditions imposed by Congress for residency in this country.

The INS has maintained consistently that the 18-month delay was reasonable because of the need to investigate the validity of respondent's marriage. Because the issue of estoppel was raised initially on appeal, the parties were unable to develop any factual record on the issue.

Page 18 In 1976, the year in which Milligan filed her petition on behalf of respondent, some 206,319 immediate-relative petitions were filed. See INS Ann. Rep. 11 (1976). The Service has noted: "In dealing with these petitions, an inordinate amount of fraud, particularly in relation to claimed marriages, has been uncovered. . . . For a fee, partners are provided and marriages contracted to establish eligibility under the statutes for visa issuance benefits." Ibid. We cannot discount the need for careful investigation by the INS that these petitions demand.

The final distinction drawn by the Court of Appeals between this case and Hansen is unpersuasive. It is true that Hansen relied on a line of cases involving claims against the public treasury. But there was no indication that the Government would be estopped in the absence of the potential burden on the fisc. An increasingly important interest, implicating matters of broad public concern, is involved in cases of this kind. Enforcing the immigration laws, and the conditions for residency in this country, is becoming more difficult. See n. 4, supra. Moreover, the INS is the agency primarily charged by Congress to implement the public policy underlying these laws. See, e. g., INS v. Jong Ha Wang, 450 U.S. 139, 144-145 (1981) (per curiam); Hibi, supra, at 8. Appropriate deference must be accorded its decisions.

This case does not require us to reach the question we reserved in Hibi, whether affirmative misconduct in a particular case would estop the Government from enforcing the immigration laws. Proof only that the Government failed to process promptly an application falls far short of establishing such conduct. Accordingly, we grant the petition for certiorari and reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals.

It is so ordered.


I dissent from the Court's summary reversal of the Court of Appeals. The Court concedes that the INS's 18-month delay in processing respondent's application "was indeed long," but concludes that it "cannot say in the absence of evidence to the contrary that the delay was unwarranted." Ante, at 18. The Court relies on a presumption of regularity which it says attends the official acts of public officers. Ibid. In view of the unusual delay in the processing of respondent's application, I do not agree that this case should be summarily disposed of on the basis of this convenient presumption. If the Court believes, as I do not, that this case raises an issue of sufficient importance to justify the exercise of our certiorari jurisdiction, and if the Court also believes that oral argument should be dispensed with, I would at least notify the parties that the Court is considering a summary disposition, so that they may have an opportunity to submit briefs on the merits.


Summaries of

INS v. Miranda

U.S.
Nov 8, 1982
459 U.S. 14 (1982)

holding that negligent conduct is an insufficient basis for an estoppel claim against the government

Summary of this case from Schwebel v. Crandall

holding that delays by the government in processing an immigration application did not qualify as affirmative misconduct

Summary of this case from Anderson v. Holder

holding that delays by the government in processing an immigration application did not qualify as affirmative misconduct

Summary of this case from Santiago Hernandez v. Holder

holding that INS's eighteen-month delay in adjudicating an application of adjustment of status, during which time Miranda's marriage to a United States citizen dissolved, did not estop the government from enforcing the immigration laws

Summary of this case from Lopez-Urenda v. Mukasey

holding that the INS's 18-month delay in considering an application for a spousal immigrant visa was not the type of affirmative misconduct which could estop the government

Summary of this case from Tovar-Alvarez v. U.S. Attorney General

holding that INS delay in processing application for adjustment of status, even if negligent, does not prevent it from denying application of petitioner who becomes statutorily ineligible during period of delay

Summary of this case from Mahabir v. Ashcroft

holding the passage of time, without more, is inadequate to show unreasonable delay

Summary of this case from Mowlana v. Mukasey

holding that even if delay in processing application was negligent, estoppel still was not warranted

Summary of this case from Diallo v. Reno

finding 18-month delay not unreasonable in light the volume of applications, the agency's need to investigate; and further stating that the passage of time alone does not constitute unreasonable delay

Summary of this case from Patel v. Chertoff

finding an eighteen-month delay not unreasonable, considering the number of applications received by the agency and its need to investigate; and further stating that the passage of time cannot, standing alone, support a claim of unreasonable delay

Summary of this case from Chaudry v. Chertoff

reversing Ninth Circuit decision equitably estopping INS from denying resident status to alien spouse of citizen when petitioner became ineligible during INS delay in processing application

Summary of this case from Watkins v. U.S. Army

observing the difficulty of "process[ing] an application as promptly as may be desirable"

Summary of this case from Babaria. v. Blinken

explaining that government's failure to process application promptly “falls far short” of affirmative misconduct

Summary of this case from Sehgal v. Lynch

processing of visa application

Summary of this case from Angov v. Holder

processing of visa application

Summary of this case from Angov v. Lynch

stating that negligent conduct is an insufficient basis for an estoppel claim against the government

Summary of this case from Ahmed v. Holder

In Miranda, the Supreme Court considered whether an eighteen-month delay by the INS in acting on an application qualified as affirmative misconduct. 459 U.S. at 18, 103 S.Ct. 281.

Summary of this case from Mejia-Perez v. Gonzales

In INS v. Miranda, 459 U.S. 14, 18, 103 S.Ct. 281, 74 L.Ed.2d 12 (1982), for instance, when the INS failed to act on a visa application for eighteen months, the agency's failure to act expeditiously did not amount to affirmative misconduct estopping the Government from denying the alien's application.

Summary of this case from ELIA v. GONZALES

declining to estop the INS from denying permanent resident status to petitioner who lost his eligibility because of the INS's delay, concluding that "[p]roof only that the Government failed to process promptly an application falls far short of establishing" affirmative misconduct

Summary of this case from Salgado-Diaz v. Ashcroft

refusing to estop Government because no affirmative misconduct, but reserving question of whether Government could ever be estopped from enforcing immigration laws

Summary of this case from Moosa v. Immigration Naturalization Service

In Miranda, the Supreme Court held that negligent delay by an agency resulting in the loss of immigration status, absent evidence that the delay was "unwarranted," does not rise to the level of affirmative misconduct. 459 U.S. at 18-19, 103 S.Ct. at 284.

Summary of this case from Chien-Shih Wang v. Attorney General of U.S.

In Miranda, which was decided after Olegario, the Court held that the INS' unexplained 18-month delay in processing a visa application was not affirmative misconduct that estopped the INS from denying the application.

Summary of this case from Pangilinan v. I.N.S.

In Miranda, an alien who married a citizen claimed that the INS was estopped from denying his application for permanent residence status because of "unreasonable delay" by the INS in processing his application.

Summary of this case from Home Sav. Loan Ass'n of Lawton, v. Nimmo

In Miranda, supra, the Supreme Court explicitly refused to apply estoppel against the government precisely because the governmental action fell "far short of" affirmative misconduct.

Summary of this case from Community Health Services, Etc. v. Califano

applying presumption of regularity to review of visa application decision

Summary of this case from Wong v. Mayorks
Case details for

INS v. Miranda

Case Details

Full title:IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE v . MIRANDA

Court:U.S.

Date published: Nov 8, 1982

Citations

459 U.S. 14 (1982)
103 S. Ct. 281

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